Notes in 18Endocrine

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Published	07/30/2024	Secretion of hormones are stimulated in 3 ways:{{c1::1. Humoral2. Neural3. Hormonal}}
Published	07/30/2024	The pituitary gland sits in the {{c1::hypophyseal fossa}}, a depression in the {{c1::sella turcica}}
Published	07/30/2024	The infundibulum connects the pituitary gland to the {{c1::tuber cinereum}} of the hypothalamus
Published	07/30/2024	Pituitary gland:{{c1::Anterior}} pituitary gland - {{c2::adenohypohysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pituitary gland:{{c1::Posterior}} pituitary gland - {{c2::neurohypohysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivisions of the {{c1::adenohypophysis}}{{c2::1. Pars distalis 2. Pars intermedia3. Pars tuberalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Subdivisions of the {{c1::neurohypophysis}}{{c2::1. Pars nervosa2. Infundibulum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Blood supply of the entire adenohypophysis{{c1::Superior hypophyseal artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Blood supply of the infundibulum{{c1::Superior hypophyseal artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Blood supply of the pars nervosa{{c1::Inferior hypophyseal artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Origin of the superior and inferior hypophyseal arteries{{c1::Internal Carotid artery}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main blood drainage of the pituitary gland drain into what dural sinus?{{c1::Cavernous sinus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Majority of the hormones from the adenohypophysis are created and secreted by the pars {{c1::distalis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Endocrine cells of the anterior pituitary{{c1::1. Thyrotropic cells (Thyrotrophs)2. Corticotropic cells (Corticotrophs)3. Gonadotropic cells (Gonadotr…
Published	07/30/2024	Most abundant endocrine cell in the anterior pituitary gland{{c1::Somatotropic cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Acidophilic adenohypophyseal endocrine cells{{c1::1. Prolactin cells1. Somatotropic cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Basophilic adenohypophyseal endocrine cells{{c1::1. Thyrotropic cells2. Corticotropic cells3. Gonadotropic cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Somatotropic cells stain {{c1::acido}}philic
Published	07/30/2024	Prolactin cells stain {{c1::acido}}philic
Published	07/30/2024	Thyrotropic cells stain {{c1::baso}}philic
Published	07/30/2024	Corticotropic cells stain {{c1::baso}}philic
Published	07/30/2024	Gonadotropic cells stain {{c1::baso}}philic
Published	07/30/2024	Cells that stain poorly are called {{c1::chromophobes}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the pars {{c1::intermedia}}, corticotropic cells secrete more {{c2::MSH}} than {{c2::ACTH}} (ACTH vs. MSH)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pars tuberalis specific endocrine cells::ant. pituitary endocrine cell}} have receptors for {{c2::melatonin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thyrotropic}} cells produce (Anterior pituitary gland):{{c2::Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corticotropic}} cells produce (Anterior pituitary gland):{{c2::1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)2. Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) by the hypothalamus acts on {{c1::Gonadotropic}} cells of the {{c3::Anterior}} pituitary gland to produce{{c2::1…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prolactin}} cells produce (Anterior pituitary gland):{{c2::Prolactin (PRL)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Somatotropic}} cells produce (Anterior pituitary gland):{{c2::Growth hormone (GH)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) functions in the CNS in {{c1::appetite suppression}}
Published	07/30/2024	The hypothalamus release two types of hormones to the anterior pituitary:{{c1::1. Releasing hormones2. Inhibiting hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	The primary capillary plexus lies in the {{c1::median eminence}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypohyseal portal system{{c1::Superior hypophyseal}} artery → {{c2::Primary capillary plexus}} → {{c3::Hypophyseal portal veins}} → {{c4::Secondary ca…
Published	07/30/2024	Hormones released by the adenohypophysis are released into the {{c1::secondary capillary plexus::bloodstream}}
Published	07/30/2024	The neurohypophysis consists of {{c1::unmyelinated::myelination}} axons
Published	07/30/2024	modified {{c2::neuroglia}} in the neurohypophysis are called {{c1::pituicytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::hypothalamohypophyseal}} tract origanates from what nuclei?{{c1::1. Supraoptic nucleus2. Paraventricular nuclei}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormones made and transported through the hypothalamohypophyseal tract are stored in their terminals called {{c1::neurosecretory bodies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormones the neurohypophysis secrete are under what class of hormones?{{c1::Peptide hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::neuro}}hypophysis secretes{{c2::1. Antidiuretic hormone2. Oxytocin}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::adeno}}hypophysis secretes{{c2::1. TSH2. ACTH3. FSH 4. LH ::tropic hormones}}{{c3::5. PRL6. GH7. MSH::nontropic hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	The median bridge connecting the lateral thyroid lobes{{c1::Thyroid Isthmus}}
Published	07/30/2024	The thyroid isthmus is palpable over the {{c1::2nd–4th::nth}} tracheal ring
Published	07/30/2024	The largest purely endocrine gland{{c1::Thyroid}}
Published	07/30/2024	The thyroid gland is arranged in spheres called {{c1::thyroid follicles}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c3::lumen}} of thyroid follicles are filled with {{c1::colloid}} consisting of {{c2::thyroglobulin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::thyroglobulin}} is the precursor of {{c2::thyroid hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells comprising the epithelial lining of thyroid follicles{{c1::1. Thyroid follicular cells2. Parafollicular cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thyroid follicular}} cells secrete {{c2::thyroid hormone::hormone}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parafollicular}} cells secrete {{c2::calcitonin::hormone}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::thyroid}} is the only endocrine gland that stores its hormones {{c1::extracellularly}}
Published	07/30/2024	Calcitonin lowers blood calcium by targetting {{c1::osteoclasts}}
Published	07/30/2024	82a43458e07a416593e3145d07dd2a2d-ao-1
Published	07/30/2024	82a43458e07a416593e3145d07dd2a2d-ao-2
Published	07/30/2024	Most people have how many parathyroid glands?{{c1::4 (2 pairs)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two cells comprising the parathyroid{{c1::1. Parathyroid cells (smaller, abundant)2. Oxyphil cells (larger, rare)}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PTH::hormone}} {{c2::raises}} blood calcium
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcitonin::hormone}} {{c2::lowers}} blood calcium
Published	07/30/2024	Each adrenal gland is supplied by up to {{c1::60::n}} small suprarenal arteries
Published	07/30/2024	The bulk of the adrenal gland is the adrenal {{c1::cortex::cortex/medulla}}
Published	07/30/2024	All hormones from the adrenal cortex are {{c1::steroid}}-derivatives
Published	07/30/2024	Layers of the adrenal {{c2::cortex}} from external to internal:{{c1::1. Zona glomerulosa2. Zona fasciculata3. Zona reticularis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells in the adrenal zona {{c1::glomerulosa}} are arranged in {{c2::spherical clusters}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells in the adrenal zona {{c1::fasciculata}} are arranged in {{c2::parallel cords}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells in the adrenal zona {{c1::reticularis}} are arranged in {{c2::branching networks}}
Published	07/30/2024	Adrenal zona {{c1::glomerulosa}} secretes {{c2::mineralocorticoids::hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Adrenal zona {{c1::fasciculata}} secretes {{c2::glucocorticoids::hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Adrenal zona {{c1::reticularis}} secretes {{c2::glucocoritcoids and androgens::hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Androgens released by the zona reticularis are called {{c1::dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cells of the pineal gland are called {{c1::pinealocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pinealocytes are arranged in {{c1::spherical clusters and branching cords}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pinealocytes are {{c1::star}}-shaped
Published	07/30/2024	What accounts for a radioopaque image of the pineal gland on X-ray?{{c1::Pineal sand, Brain sand, Corpora aranacea}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Corpora arenacea (brain sand)}} are collections of {{c2::calcified}} inclusions found in the {{c3::pineal gland}} and {{c3::choroid plexuses}}
Published	07/30/2024	T/FBrain sand forms with age{{c1::T}}
Published	07/30/2024	There is more {{c1::exocrine}} than {{c1::endocrine}} glands in the pancreas (exocrine vs endocine)
Published	07/30/2024	Pancreatic {{c1::endo}}crine cells are contained within the {{c2::pancreatic islets}}
Published	07/30/2024	4 types of cells in the pancreatic islets{{c1::1. α cells (A cells)2. β cells (B cells)3. δ cells (D cells)4. PP cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glucagon::pancreatic hormone}} {{c2::raises}} blood sugar
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Insulin::pancreatic hormone}} {{c2::lowers}} blood sugar
Published	07/30/2024	Pancreatic cells{{c1::α}} cells secrete {{c2::glucagon}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pancreatic cells{{c1::β}} cells secrete {{c2::insulin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pancreatic cells{{c1::δ}} cells secrete {{c2::somatostatin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pancreatic cells{{c1::PP}} cells secrete {{c2::pancreatic polypeptide}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Interstital endocrine}} cells secrete {{c2::androgens}} in the male reproductive system
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ovarian follicle}} cells secrete {{c2::androgens (estrogen) and progesterone}} in the female reproductive system
Published	07/30/2024	ANP {{c1::decreases}} blood {{c2::volume}}
Published	07/30/2024	ANP decreases blood volume by stimulating {{c1::salt secretion}} by the kidneys
Published	07/30/2024	Scattered {{c2::epithelial}} cells with endocrine function (e.g. enteroendocrine cells) make up the {{c1::diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The placenta secretes what hormones?{{c1::1. Estrogen2. Progesterone3. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)3. Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (h…
Published	07/30/2024	what hormone is tested in pregnancy tests?{{c1::hCG}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hormones from the kidneys{{c1::1. Renin2. Erythropoietin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tumors of endocrine glands often result in {{c1::hyper}}secretion
Published	07/30/2024	Damage to endocrine glands (e.g. trauma) often result in {{c1::hypo}}secretion
Published	07/30/2024	Bony areas that still have active growth areas and responsive to GH after childhood{{c1::1. Hands2. Feet3. Face}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diabetes {{c3::insipidus}} is caused by {{c1::hypO}}secretion of {{c2::ADH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diabetes insipidus results in {{c1::dilute}} urine
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Osteocalcin}} is a hormone secreted by {{c2::osteoblasts}} that promotes cellular uptake of glucose by {{c3::stimulating}} the release of {{c4::…
Published	07/30/2024	Cushingoid signs:{{c1::1. Swollen face}}{{c2::2. Buffalo hump}}{{c3::3. Depressed immune and inflammatory response}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Gonadotropins::pituitary hormone}} levels {{c1::increase}} with age
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::ACTH::pituitary hormone}} levels {{c1::remains constant}} with age
Published	07/30/2024	The only hormones whose secretion significantly decreases with age{{c1::1. growth hormone2. DHEA3. sex hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rathke's pouch}} is an evagination at the roof of the developing mouth in front of the buccopharyngeal membrane. It gives rise to the {{c2:…
Published	07/30/2024	The rathke's pouch and developing posterior pituitary and form the {{c1::neurohypophyseal bud}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Thyroid{{c1::endoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Thymus{{c1::endoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Parathyroid{{c1::endoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Pineal gland{{c1::ectoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Adrenal medulla{{c1::neural crest cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	Embryonic origin (germ layer)Adrenal cortex{{c1::somatic mesoderm}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::endocrine}} system is an internal regulatory system.
Published	07/30/2024	The organs of the endocrine system are a dispersed group of {{c1::ductless::have ducts or no ducts}} glands that secrete messenger molecules called {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Unlike nerve impulses, which act {{c1::rapidly::slowly/rapidly}} and at {{c1::discrete::discrete/many}} locations, hormones travel {{c1::slowly::slowl…
Published	07/30/2024	Compared to most other organs of the body, the endocrine organs are {{c1::small::size}}
Published	07/30/2024	unlike the organs of most other systems, which are {{c1::anatomically continuous::contiguous/scattered}}, the endocrine organs are {{c1::widely scatte…
Published	07/30/2024	The organs containing endocrine cells can be divided into three groups:Organs that contain {{c1::only endocrine cells.}}Organs that contain {{c1::a la…
Published	07/30/2024	Organs that contain only endocrine cells.{{c1::pituitary gland}} at the base of the brain; the {{c2::pineal gland}} in the roof of the diencephal…
Published	07/30/2024	Organs that contain a large proportion of endocrine cells but also function in another organ system. The {{c1::pancreas}} has both endocrine and …
Published	07/30/2024	Organs that contain some endocrine cells. Many organs and tissues contain scattered or small pockets of cells that secrete hormones. These includ…
Published	07/30/2024	Most endocrine cells—like most gland cells in the body—are of {{c1::epithelial::tissue type}} origin. However, the endocrine system is so diverse that…
Published	07/30/2024	Endocrine glands are {{c1::richly::richly/poorly}} supplied with blood and lymphatic vessels.
Published	07/30/2024	Typically, endocrine cells are arranged in {{c1::small clusters, cords, or branching networks::clusters/disconnected}}, an arrangement that maximizes …
Published	07/30/2024	After endocrine cells release their hormones into the surrounding extracellular space, the hormones immediately enter the adjacent {{c1::capillaries}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Most hormones belong to one of two broad molecular categories: {{c1::amino acid–based}} molecules and {{c1::steroid}} molecules.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amino acid–based}} hormones include modified {{c2::amino acids}} (or {{c2::amines}}), {{c2::peptides}} (short chains of amino acids), and {…
Published	07/30/2024	The cells that produce amino acid–based hormones have an elaborate {{c1::rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)}} to produce these protein-based molecules a…
Published	07/30/2024	Steroid hormones are {{c1::lipid::macromolecule}} molecules derived from {{c1::cholesterol}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Steroid}}-secreting cells have an extensive {{c1::smooth ER}}, which produces the {{c2::steroid}} molecules, and abundant {{c3::lipid droplets}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Steroid-secreting}} cells lack secretory granules; steroid hormones are secreted by diffusion across the plasma membrane.
Published	07/30/2024	All major hormones circulate throughout the entire body, leave the bloodstream at the capillaries, and encounter virtually all tissues. Nevertheless, …
Published	07/30/2024	The ability of a target cell to respond to a hormone depends on the presence of {{c1::specific receptor::adjective and noun}} molecules on the target …
Published	07/30/2024	Is there coded information within hormones?
Published	07/30/2024	The various endocrine cells of the body are stimulated to make and secrete their hormones by three major types of stimuli: {{c1::humoral}}, {{c1::neur…
Published	07/30/2024	Endocrine glands that secrete their hormones in direct response to changing levels of {{c1::ions}} or {{c1::nutrients}} in the blood are said to be co…
Published	07/30/2024	This is the simplest endocrine control mechanism.
Published	07/30/2024	cells of the parathyroid gland directly monitor the concentration of {{c1::calcium}} ions in the blood and then respond to any decline in this concent…
Published	07/30/2024	The secretion of a few endocrine glands is controlled by neural stimuli. For example, {{c1::sympathetic::SNS/PNS}} nerve fibers stimulate cells in the…
Published	07/30/2024	many endocrine glands secrete their hormones in response to {{c1::hormonal}} stimuli received from other {{c2::endocrine}} glands
Published	07/30/2024	No matter how it is stimulated, hormone secretion is always controlled by {{c1::feedback loops}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::negative}} feedback loop, more hormone is secreted if its blood concentration declines below a minimum set point; then hormone production i…
Published	07/30/2024	The hormone that controls the progression of labor in childbirth, oxytocin, operates via {{c1::positive}} feedback—oxytocin stimulates the uterus to c…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pituitary gland}}, or {{c1::hypophysis (hi-pof′˘ı-sis; “undergrowth [from the brain]”)}}, is an important endocrine organ that secretes at l…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pituitary gland}} sits just {{c2::inferior::location}} to the brain in the {{c3::hypophyseal}} fossa, a depression in the {{c4::sella turcic…
Published	07/30/2024	The pituitary gland closely resembles a golf club: The {{c1::gland}} itself forms the head of the club, and the stalk of the pituitary, called the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::infundibulum}} connects {{c2::superiorly}} to a part of the {{c3::hypothalamus}} called the {{c3::tuber cinereum}}, which lies between the {…
Published	07/30/2024	The pituitary gland has two basic divisions, an {{c1::anterior}} lobe or {{c1::adenohypophysis (ad″ ˘e-no-hi-pof′˘ı-sis; “glandular hypophysis”)}}, co…
Published	07/30/2024	The anterior lobe has three subdivisions. The largest is the anteriormost {{c1::pars distalis}}. Just posterior to this lies the {{c1::pars intermedia…
Published	07/30/2024	The posterior lobe has two subdivisions, the {{c1::pars nervosa}}, inferiorly, and the {{c1::infundibulum}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Arterial blood reaches the pituitary gland through {{c1::two::number}} branches of the {{c2::internal carotid}} artery, one of the large arteries that…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::superior hypophyseal}} artery supplies the entire {{c2::anterior}} lobe and the {{c2::infundibulum}}, whereas the {{c1::inferior hypophyseal…
Published	07/30/2024	This description of the {{c2::anterior}} lobe concentrates on its largest division, the {{c1::pars distalis}}, which contains {{c3::five::number}} dif…
Published	07/30/2024	Four of the hormones secreted by the anterior lobe—{{c1::thyroid-stimulating hormone}}, {{c1::adrenocorticotropic hormone}}, {{c1::follicle-stimulatin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thyroidstimulating hormone (TSH)}} is produced by {{c2::thyrotropic}} cells. {{c1::TSH}} signals the {{c3::thyroid}} gland to secrete its o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adrenocorticotropic (ad-re″no-kor″t˘ı-ko-trˉo′pik; “adrenal cortex changing”) hormone (ACTH)}} and {{c2::melanocyte-stimulating hormone}}, …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gonadotropins}} act on the {{c2::gonads}}, stimulating {{c3::maturation}} of the sex cells and inducing the {{c3::secretion}} of sex hormones.
Published	07/30/2024	In females, {{c1::FSH}} and {{c1::LH}} stimulate the maturation of the {{c2::egg-containing ovarian follicles}} and the secretion of {{c2::androgens, …
Published	07/30/2024	a large amount of {{c1::LH}} is secreted in the middle of the menstrual cycle to induce {{c2::ovulation}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In males, {{c1::LH}} signals the secretion of {{c2::androgens}} (primarily {{c3::testosterone}}) by {{c4::interstitial cells}} in the {{c5::testes}}, …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prolactin (PRL) (pro-lak′tin)}} is produced by {{c2::prolactin cells}} in the {{c3::anterior}} lobe. PRL targets the {{c4::milk}}-producing glan…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)}} is formed from the precursor molecule produced by {{c2::corticotropic}} cells.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MSH}} functions in the central nervous system (CNS) in {{c2::appetite suppression}}; its actions outside the CNS are not well understood.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Growth hormone (GH)}}, also called {{c2::somatotropic hormone (so″mah-to-tro′pik; “body changing”)}}, is produced in the {{c2::somatotropic}} ce…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::GH}} stimulates growth of the entire body by stimulating body cells to increase their production of {{c2::proteins}} and by stimulating growth o…
Published	07/30/2024	GH is used for treating muscle {{c1::wasting}} disease associated with HIV/AIDS
Published	07/30/2024	GH can treat {{c1::growth hormone}} deficiencies in adults and children, {{c2::idiopathic short stature (ISS, small stature from unknown cause)}}, {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	The endocrine cells of the {{c1::pars distalis}} are clustered into spheres and branching cords separated by {{c2::capillaries}}.
Published	07/30/2024	When tissue of the {{c1::pars distalis}} is stained with typical histological dyes and viewed by light microscopy, its {{c2::five::number}} cell types…
Published	07/30/2024	1. {{c1::Acidophils}}, which stain with acidic stains and include the {{c2::somatotropic}} and {{c2::prolactin}} cells2. {{c1::Basophils}}, which stai…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pars distalis}} is by far the most important division of the anterior lobe
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pars intermedia}} contains {{c2::corticotropic}} cells that secrete more {{c3::MSH}} than {{c4::ACTH}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::pars tuberalis}} contains {{c2::gonadotropic}} cells, {{c2::thyrotropic}} cells, and unique, {{c2::pars tuberalis– specific endocrine}}&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	the {{c1::pars tuberalis}} may be where sexual functions and metabolic rate are brought under the influence of circadian rhythms and photoperiod.
Published	07/30/2024	The secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe is controlled by the {{c1::hypothalamus}} of the brain.
Published	07/30/2024	The hypothalamus exerts its control by secreting {{c1::peptide::peptide/steroid}} hormones called {{c2::releasing}} hormones ({{c2::releasing factors}…
Published	07/30/2024	The hypothalamus also secretes {{c1::inhibiting}} hormones, which turn off the secretion of hormones by the anterior lobe when necessary.
Published	07/30/2024	Releasing hormones made in hypothalamic neurons are secreted like {{c1::neurotransmitters}} from the axon terminals of these neurons
Published	07/30/2024	The secreted releasing hormones enter a {{c1::primary capillary plexus}} in the {{c2::median::median/lateral}} eminence of the hypothalamus and then t…
Published	07/30/2024	The hormones secreted from the anterior lobe cells enter the {{c1::secondary}} plexus.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::primary}} and {{c1::secondary}} capillary plexuses in the pituitary gland, plus the intervening {{c1::hypophyseal portal}} veins, constitute…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::posterior}} lobe, which secretes {{c1::two::number}} hormones, is structurally a part of the brain
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior}} lobe consists of nervous tissue that contains {{c3::unmyelinated::unmyelinated/myelinated}} axons and neuroglial cells called {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Posterior lobe axons form the {{c1::hypothalamohypophyseal}} tract, which arises from neuron cell bodies in the {{c2::supraoptic}} and {{c2::paraventr…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior}} lobe hormones are made in the {{c2::neuron cell bodies}}, transported along the axons, and stored in dilated axon terminals call…
Published	07/30/2024	When the neurons fire, they release the stored hormones into a {{c1::capillary bed}} in the {{c2::pars nervosa}} for distribution throughout the body.…
Published	07/30/2024	Made in the neurons of the {{c1::supraoptic}} nucleus, {{c2::antidiuretic hormone (ADH)}}, also called {{c3::vasopressin}}, targets the {{c4::kidneys}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Oxytocin}}, produced in the {{c2::paraventricular}} nucleus, induces {{c3::contraction}} of the {{c4::smooth}} musculature of {{c5::reproductive…
Published	07/30/2024	Oxytocin has a dual function
Published	07/30/2024	The butterfly-shaped {{c1::thyroid}} gland is located in the {{c2::anterior::location}} neck, on the {{c3::trachea}} just inferior to the {{c4::larynx…
Published	07/30/2024	The thyroid has {{c1::two::number}} lateral lobes (the butterfly’s “wings”) connected by a median bridge called the {{c2::isthmus }}
Published	07/30/2024	You may be able to feel the isthmus of the thyroid gland as a spongy cushion over the {{c1::second to fourth::order}} tracheal ring.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::thyroid}} gland is the largest purely endocrine gland in the body and has a copious blood supply from the {{c2::superior}} and {{c2::inferio…
Published	07/30/2024	Internally, the {{c1::thyroid}} gland is composed of hollow, approximately spherical {{c2::follicles}} separated by an {{c3::areolar connective}} tiss…
Published	07/30/2024	The walls of each thyroid gland follicle are formed by a layer of {{c1::cuboidal}} or {{c1::squamous epithelial}} cells called {{c2::follicular}} cell…
Published	07/30/2024	Lying within the follicular epithelium are {{c1::parafollicular (C)}} cells, which appear to project into the surrounding connective tissue.
Published	07/30/2024	The thyroid produces two hormones: {{c1::thyroid hormone}} and {{c1::calcitonin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Pituitary gland drainage: {{c1::Hypophyseal plexus}} -> {{c2::hypophyseal portal veins}} -> {{c3::cavernous/dural sinuses}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Menstruation}} is {{c2::secondary}} to an {{c3::LH}} surge
Published	07/30/2024	Thyroid drainage is through the {{c1::Superior}}, {{c1::Middle}}, and {{c1::Inferior Thyroid veins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sometimes there is a {{c1::pyramidal lobe}} extending from the {{c2::isthmus}} of the Thyroid
Status	Last Update	Fields