Notes in 06InfectiousDiseases

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	dengue spreads to people through the bite of an infected {{c1::Aedes aegypti::mosquito}} species
Published	07/30/2024	Dengue is caused by one of any {{c1::4::n}} related viruses:{{c1::DENV-1 (A), DENV-2 (B), DENV-3 (C), DENV-4 (D)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Are some dengue strains more severe than others?{{c1::N. It depends on the host's resistance::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1 in 4::fraction}} people infected with dengue will get sick
Published	07/30/2024	The Aedes aegypti mosquito lay eggs near {{c1::standing::standing/rushing}} water
Published	07/30/2024	Can dengue be transmitted to a fetus?{{c1::Y. transpacental transfer::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can dengue be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or needle pricks?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common symptoms of Dengue: {{c1::Fever, Rash, Pain, Headaches, and Nausea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Symptom of dengue which is a sign of clinical recovery but may also mean further reduction of platelet count: {{c1::Rashes}}
Published	07/30/2024	In Dengue, platelet count goes down during the {{c1::lysis of fever}}
Published	07/30/2024	Warning signs of Dengue: {{c1::Abdominal pain, bleeding, restlessness and irritability::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	If host resistance is enough to stave off the Dengue virus, this results in {{c1::Antibody formation::pathophysiological stage}}
Published	07/30/2024	2 important pathophysiological events when the dengue virus reinfects a host and augments multiplication:{{c1::Increase in vascular permeabilityThromb…
Published	07/30/2024	Stages of Dengue:{{c1::Dengue FeverDengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF)Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most critical stage of Dengue: {{c1::Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)}}
Published	07/30/2024	When does Dengue Fever happen?{{c1::2-7 days after bite of infected mosquito}}
Published	07/30/2024	When does Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) happen?{{c1::3-7 days after DF (but there can be overlap with DHF)}}
Published	07/30/2024	When does Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS) happen?{{c1::2-3 days after DHF}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most prominent clinical manifestations of the DENGUE FEVER STAGE: {{c1::Headache, Fever, Itching, Pain}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dengue fever stage that manifests with lysis of fever (lower body temp), and minor spontaneous bleeding (even in urine and stool): {{c1::Dengue H…
Published	07/30/2024	Dengue fever stage that manifests with flunctuating body temp, vomiting, and minor bleeding: {{c1::Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS)}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Dengue 2. Number of WBCs and platelets{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Dengue 2. Hematocrit and Hemoconcentration{{c1::A. Lower Platelets and WBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dengue NS1 antigen test or Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)::Diagnostic Test}} - For highly suspected dengue infection by determin…
Published	07/30/2024	antibody titer result from ELISA of an individual recovering from Dengue: {{c1::1:50 → 1:200}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Tourniquet test::Diagnostic Test}} - Dengue PE where a blood pressure cuff in inflated midway between systolic and diastolic pressure for {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Should you prescribe aspirin for Dengue patients?{{c1::N. Antiplatelet and may lead to Reye's syndrome in kids::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Controversial but possible treatment for patients with Dengue Schock Syndrome: {{c1::Corticosteroids}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanus is acquired through injection of a cut or wound with the {{c2::spores of the bacterium::spores/bacteria}} {{c1::Clostridium tetani}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most cases of tetanus occur within {{c1::14}} days of infection with incubation period of within {{c1::3-21}} days
Published	07/30/2024	Can you have person-to-person transmission in tetanus?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can we have immunity to tetanus?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Majority of reported Tetanus cases are {{c1::Birth-Associated (Tetanus neonatorum) among newborn babies and mothers who have not been sufficiently vac…
Published	07/30/2024	Pathogenic factor of Clostridium tetani: {{c1::tetanospasmin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanospasmin blocks {{c1::inhibitory::inhibitory/stimulatory}} neurotransmitter release of {{c1::voluntary::voluntary/involuntary}} muscles
Published	07/30/2024	Tetanic Triad: {{c1::Trismus, Risus Sardonicus, Opisthotonus}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Trismus::Manifestation of Tetanus}} - Lock jaw, Severely spasmic jawline
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Risus Sardonicus::Manifestation of Tetanus}} - Typically, eyebrows are permanently raised and there is a specific grin due to muscle spasm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opisthotonus::Manifestation of Tetanus}} - overwhelming arch Hyper flexibility and hyperextension of vertebral column
Published	07/30/2024	Can tetanic spasms be triggered just by noise?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can babies suck and cry the whole time while having tetanus?{{c1::N. It's actually a sign of neonatal tetanus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pharmacological medication for Tetanus: {{c1::Anti-convulsant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Life-threatening illness caused by {{c2::Salmonella typhi}} spread through fecal-oral transmission from contaminated food or water: {{c1::Enteric/Typh…
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestation/s of Enteric Fever in the {{c1::first}} week: Fever, headache, and malaise
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestation/s of Enteric/Typhoid Fever in the {{c2::second}} week: {{c1::Hepatosplenomegaly, bradycardia, and rose spots in the abdomen}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical manifestation/s of Enteric Fever in the {{c2::third}} week: {{c1::“Typhoid state” toxemia, Delirium, disorientation, Coma, GI Bleeding, Jaund…
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella typhi first replicates in the {{c1::ileocecal}} area
Published	07/30/2024	After replication, Salmonella typhi continues to the {{c1::reticuloendothelial system (lymphoid structures w/in the intestine)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Once Salmonella typhi reaches the {{c1::Peyer’s patches}}, it can cause bleeding, necrosis, and perforation of the intestinal wall
Published	07/30/2024	When culturing Salmonella typhi using blood, we draw during the {{c1::1st}} week
Published	07/30/2024	When culturing Salmonella typhi using stool, we collect during the {{c1::3rd}} week
Published	07/30/2024	When culturing Salmonella typhi using urine, we collect during the {{c1::2nd}} week
Published	07/30/2024	Antibiotics to treat Typhoid fever: {{c1::Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, Quinolones, Cephalosporins}}
Published	07/30/2024	What do you do right after getting bitten by a suspected rabid dog?{{c1::Wash area w/ soap and get an anti-rabies shot}}
Published	07/30/2024	Does the location of an animal bite have anything to do with the speed of symptoms experienced?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Initial symptoms of Rabies: {{c1::Fever and Paresthesia at the wound site}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of RabiesHyperactivity, Hydrophobia, Aerophobia, Death to cardio-respiratory arrest{{c1::Furious Rabies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of RabiesMuscles gradually become paralyzed, starting at the site of the bite or scratch then coma{{c1::Paralytic Rabies}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of RabiesRuns a less dramatic and usually longer course{{c1::Paralytic Rabies}}
Published	07/30/2024	The Rabies virus replicates in the {{c1::muscle}} near the bite
Published	07/30/2024	Once the Rabies virus reaches the brain, it causes {{c1::fatal encephalitis}} then multi-organ failure
Published	07/30/2024	Touching or feeding animals, licks on intact skin, contact of intact skin with secretions or excretions of rabid animal or personCategory/Level {{c1::…
Published	07/30/2024	Nibbling of uncovered skin, minor scratches, or abrasions without bleedingCategory/Level {{c1::II}}Post-exposure prophylaxis: {{c1::Vaccine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Single or multiple transdermal bites or scratches, licks on broken skin, contamination of mucous membrane with saliva from licks and exposure to batsC…
Published	07/30/2024	Age group most vulnerable to Malaria: {{c1::<5 years old}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most notable parasite/s that causes Malaria: {{c1::Plasmodium falciparum & P. vivax}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which carrier can you find hypnozoites of malarial parasites?{{c1::humans}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which carrier can you find merozoites of malarial parasites?{{c1::humans}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::QBC (Quantitative Buffy Coat)::Malarial Diagnostic Test}} - Drawing of blood → Put into a receptacle (i.e., test tube) → Centrifuge → Separ…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Malarial ParasiteRBCs may have a purple rim{{c1::P. Falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Malarial ParasiteGametocyte is crescent shaped{{c1::P. Falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Malarial ParasiteSpittling: Maurer's spots{{c1::P. Falciparum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Malarial ParasiteSpittling: Schüffner’s (James) dots{{c1::P. vivax and P. malariae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Malarial ParasiteSpittling: Ziemann’s dots{{c1::P. ovale}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gametocide for P. falcifarum: {{c1::Primaquine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Gametocide for P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae: {{c1::Quinine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type 1 Quick Onset Blood Schizonticides{{c1::Quinine, Chloroquine, Halofantrine, Artemisinin, Melfoquine::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type 2 Slow Onset Blood Schizonticides{{c1::Pyrimethamine, Sulfonamide, Sulfones, Atovaquone, Other antibiotics::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sporonticides: {{c1::Primaquine and Chloroquine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hypozoiticides: {{c1::Primaquine and Tafenoquine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Tissue Schizonticides: {{c1::Primaquine, Pyrimethamine, Sulfonamides}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schistosomiasis}} - Acute, chronic, and immune disease when the body reacts to eggs produced by adult parasitic worms
Published	07/30/2024	Adult worms prefer to live in {{c1::hepatic vessels}} in the body
Published	07/30/2024	Most common schistomiasis species in the Philippines: {{c1::S. japonicum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most common snail species that harbors schistomiasis in the Philippines: {{c1::Oncomelania}}
Published	07/30/2024	Main Pathogenic factor of the schistosomiasis life cycle: {{c1::egg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Manifestations of Schistomiasis:General: {{c1::Fever, Rash, Abdo Pain, Diarrhea, Bloody stool or Urine}}Lungs: {{c2::Cough}}CNS: {{c3::Behavi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Stool exam::Diagnostic Test}} - Priority for suspected S. Japonicum
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Urine exam::Diagnostic Test}} - Priority for suspected S. haematobium
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Intestinal schistosomiasis in Africa and South America: {{c1::Oxamniquine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Usual Treatment for schistosomiasis in the PH: {{c1::Praziquantel}}
Published	07/30/2024	Usual Treatment for urinary schistosomiasis (S. haematobium): {{c1::Metrifonate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amount of praziquantel for an S. japonicum schistomiasis infection: {{c1::60 mg/kg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amount of praziquantel for an S. mekongi schistomiasis infection: {{c1::60 mg/kg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most HIV infections occur in individuals between the ages of {{c1::15-49}} years old
Published	07/30/2024	HIV is a {{c1::retro}}virus
Published	07/30/2024	Most common methods of transmission of HIV are: {{c1::Unprotected sex and sharing needles with an infected person::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVIntense viral replication and widespread dissemination of HIV throughout the body (especially if your immune system is down){…
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVWindow period and Viral set point{{c1::Primary Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVViremia{{c1::Primary Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVMononucleosis (acute phase){{c1::Primary Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVRate of viral replication reaches low but steady levels{{c1::HIV Asymptomatic Category A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVSymptomatic conditions are due to HIV infection or defect in cellular immunity{{c1::HIV Symptomatic Category B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the Stage of HIVLow CD4 T cells means that you may be more likely to get severe fungal infections and other opportunistic infections{{c1::AID…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Viral Set Point}} – Viremia and increased {{c3::CD8::immune cell}} usually {{c2::6 weeks::time}} after symptoms are detected
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Window Period}} – Increase in HIV antibodies usually {{c2::2-3 weeks::time}} post-infection
Published	07/30/2024	T-cell Level in HIV Primary Infection: {{c1::high HIV in the blood and low CD4 T cell count}}
Published	07/30/2024	T-cell Level in HIV Asymptomatic Category A: {{c1::CD4 T cells levels remain high (>500)}}
Published	07/30/2024	T-cell Level in HIV Symptomatic Category B: {{c1::CD4 T cell levels gradually fall (200-499)}}
Published	07/30/2024	T-cell Level in AIDS or Category C: {{c1::CD4 T cell levels <200 or even <100}}
Published	07/30/2024	Differential for HIV: {{c1::Swollen lymph glands}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Kaposi’s Sarcoma::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - A type of cancer that forms in the lining of blood and lymph vessels (commonly associated …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Wasting Syndrome::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - Involuntary weight loss of 10% from baseline body weight. Either chronic diarrhea for…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colitis::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - Inflammatory marks in colon. Whitish plaque (fungal infection) may also be seen during colonos…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tuberculosis::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - HIV/AIDS-defining illness due to defects in cellular immunity and location in the PH
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pneumocystis Carinii/Jirovecii Pneumonia::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - One of several organisms known to cause life-threatening or opport…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Encephalitis::HIV Clinical Manifestation}} - behavioral changes, swelling of the meninges, and seizures. Patients will present with an…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)::Diagnostic Test}} - Identifies antibodies specifically for HIV screeningBonus: What test do you do ne…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Viral Load Test: Target Amplification::Diagnostic Test}} - Tracts viral load and response to treatment for HIV
Published	07/30/2024	Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI): {{c1::Zidovudine, Lamivudine, Tenofovir*::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI): {{c1::Nevirapine, Efavirenz, Etravirine::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Protease Inhibitors (PI): {{c1::Ritonavir*, Indinavir, Saquinavir::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Entry Inhibitors (EI): {{c1::Enfuvirtide, Maraviroc::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (ISTI): {{c1::Dolutegravir, Elvitegravir, Raltegravir::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::SARS-CoV 2}} is the etiologic agent of COVID-19
Published	07/30/2024	The composition of the coronavirus is the same as those of other viruses: {{c1::S, T, and N proteins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Symptoms of COVID are usually {{c1::mild::mild/severe}} and begin {{c1::gradually::gradually/suddenly}}
Published	07/30/2024	Common symptoms of COVID: {{c1::Fever, Dry Cough, tiredness::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Severe symptoms of COVID: {{c1::Cytokine Storm, Pneumonia, ARDS, Organ Failure::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most at risk for COVID include {{c1::elderly}} and {{c1::people with underlying medical problems such as hypertension, coronary disease, and diabetes.…
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDViral response phase{{c1::Stage 1: Early Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDMild constitutional symptoms: non-specific dry fever, dry cough, diarrhea, headache{{c1::Stage 1: Early Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDClinical signs: lymphopenia, increased prothrombin time, increased {{c2::D-dimer}} and {{c2::LDH}} (mild){{c1::Stage 1: Early Infe…
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDIncubation period{{c1::Stage 1: Early Infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDshortness of breath and hypoxia. Abnormal chest imaging, transaminitis, low-normal procalcitonin{{c1::Stage 2: Pulmonary Phas…
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDCytokine inflammatory response phase{{c1::Stage 3: Hyperinflammation Phase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDARDS, SIRS (Severe Inflammatory Response Syndrome)/ Shock, Cardiac failure, thrombosis{{c1::Stage 3: Hyperinflammation Phase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Stage/Class of COVIDClinical signs: elevated inflammatory markers (CRP, LDH, IL-6, D-dimer, ferritin, Troponin, NT-proBNP elevation{{c1::Stage 3: Hype…
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVID0-4 days after onset of symptoms{{c1::Initial stage of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVIDBilateral ground glass opacity in lower lobes and periphery of lungs{{c1::Initial stage of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVID5-8 days after onset of symptoms{{c1::Progressive stage of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVIDCrazy paving patterns and consolidations{{c1::Progressive stage of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVID9-13 days after onset of symptoms{{c1::Peak phase of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVIDDense consolidation and parenchymal bands{{c1::Peak phase of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVIDCytokine storm where patient goes into ARDS and Complications like organ failure and thrombosis{{c1::Peak phase of infect…
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical Course of COVID14 days and onwards{{c1::Resolving phase of infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is ground-glass opacity still found when the COVID infection is in the resolving phase?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	In patients infected with COVID-19, both {{c1::cellular}} and {{c1::humoral}} immune activity are activated, especially during the {{c2::late phase of…
Published	07/30/2024	Cytokine storm is caused by impaired and excessive release of inflammatory markers by {{c1::lymphocytes}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 most important pro-inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune system: {{c1::IL-1, IL-6, TNF alpha::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tissue macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells, and epithelial::4}} cells are the major sources of cytokines during an innate immune response…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::cytokine storm}} is a result of a sudden acute increase in the circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines including the cytokines and i…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA suspect case who has been tested for COVID-19, but the results are inconclusive{{c1::PROBABLE}}
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA suspect case who has tested positive for COVID-19, BUT the test was not conducted in a national or subnational coronavirus…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA person with severe acute respiratory illness – fever of 38°C or higher, cough or sore throat, shortness of breath and may …
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA person with influenza-like illness – fever of 38°C or higher and cough or sore throat – and who lives in or has traveled t…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA person with influenza-like illness and has had contact with a confirmed or probable case of COVID-19 in the 2 days prior t…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationA person with fever or cough or shortness of breath or other respiratory symptoms and is one of the following: 60 years old …
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationTested + for COVID-19 at a national or subnational reference laboratory, or a DOH- certified laboratory testing facility{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationFace-to-face contact with probable or confirmed case within 1 meter and for more than 15 minutes (this is not using any PPE)…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::RT-PCR::Diagnostic Test}} - Gold standard for diagnosis of COVID
Published	07/30/2024	COVID-related Diagnostic test for Pneumonia: {{c1::CBC}} and Chest X-ray
Published	07/30/2024	Elevated D-dimer levels in COVID imply {{c1::Increased tendency to develop thrombosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Elevated Procalcitonin levels in COVID imply {{c1::Suspected bacterial infection or signifies a higher risk for sepsis or septic shock}}
Published	07/30/2024	If they are elevated, then the likelihood of your cytokine storm will be high: {{c1::Serum LDH, Ferritin, Procalcitonin, CRP, D-dimer, IL-6::6}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prothrombin Time (PT), Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT)::2 Diagnostic Tests}} - Requested to check signs of bleeding, especially for…
Published	07/30/2024	Main Anti-viral in COVID: {{c1::Remdesivir}}
Published	07/30/2024	monoclonal antibody given during cytokine storm but preferrably before: {{c1::Tocilizumab}}
Published	07/30/2024	Corticosteroids for COVID: {{c1::Dexamethasone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anopheles mosquitos bite {{c1::tangentially::tangentially/perpendicularly}} and at {{c2::night::night/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aedes mosquitos bite {{c1::perpendicularly::tangentially/perpendicularly}} and at {{c2::day::night/day}}
Published	07/30/2024	The primary stage of parasitic worms that infects humans is the {{c1::cercaria}} stage
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationDirect physical contact with a probable or confirmed case (e.g. shaking hands, hugging) then experiences symptoms 2 days aft…
Published	07/30/2024	DOH Patient ClassificationDirect care for a patient with probable or confirmed COVID-19 disease without using proper PPE (usually for healthcare worke…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Typhidot test::Diagnostic Test}} - Enteric Fever antibody test
Published	07/30/2024	Malaria is caused by parasites that are transmitted to people though bites of infected female {{c2::Anopheles minimus flavirostris}} mosquitoes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Western Blot Assay::Diagnostic Test}} - Confirmatory test for HIV
Status	Last Update	Fields