Notes in Heart Failure LECTURE 36

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Published	01/07/2025	what is heart failure?Heart failure is a clinical {{c1::syndrome}} in which the heart is unable to deliver sufficient blood to the rest of the bo…
Published	01/07/2025	what are the 3 clinical syndromes of heart failure?{{c1::chronic}} heart failure - {{c1::peripheral}} oedema{{c1::acute}} heart failure…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the most common form of heart failure?{{c1::LV systolic heart failure}}
Published	01/07/2025	what is LV systolic heart failure?{{c1::left ventricular}} weakness - dilation of LV and thinning of walls of heartwhat is this called?this …
Published	01/07/2025	what is the most common cause of LV systolic heart failure?{{c1::ischaemic heart disease - acute MI/chronic ischaemia}}
Published	01/07/2025	What is LV function dependent on?LV function depends on: {{c1::preload and afterload (BP), eg. increased preload, increases contraction}}how is LV fun…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the equation for ejection fraction?{{c1::SV/EDV}}
Published	01/07/2025	haemodynamics of systolic heart failure - (dilated cardiomyopathy)decreased {{c1::LV}} contractility (WEAK)reduced {{c1::stroke}} volumeincr…
Published	01/07/2025	heart failure: pathophysiology ** - need to be able to draw this out{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	what are the consequences of decreased LV contractility?increased {{c1::LV}} pressure (during diastole)which transmits backwards = increases {{c1::LA …
Published	01/07/2025	symptoms of heart failureb{{c1::reathlessness}}e{{c1::xertional}}{{c1::orthopnoea}} (worse when lying down)paroxysmal {{c1::nocturnal dyspnoea (P…
Published	01/07/2025	New York Heart association severity classificationwhat classes from and to? what is it used for?{{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	clinical signs of heart failureelevated j{{c1::ugular venous pressure}}o{{c1::edema: ankle, shins, thighs}} (–> ascites, pleural effusions)lun…
Published	01/07/2025	heart failure investigations1. {{c1::ECG}} - rarely normal in heart failure{{c1::tall}} complexes = LV hypertrophy{{c1::broad}} complex…
Published	01/07/2025	which test is used to diagnose heart failure the most?{{c1::echocardiogram}}
Published	01/07/2025	why do we use an echocardiogram as a test for HF? measures LV {{c1::dimensions/function}}measures LV {{c1::ejection}} fraction directly…
Published	01/07/2025	why do we use cardiac MRI's to measure Left ventricular systolic function?What is the difference between this and a echocardiogram?LV {{c1::dimensions…
Published	01/07/2025	cardiac catheterisationLV {{c1::dimensions/function}}direct measurement of {{c1::intra-cardiac}} pressurescoronary {{c1::angiography}}
Published	01/07/2025	describe pathophysiology of pulmonary oedemaincreased {{c1::LA/PV}} pressures (from decreasing LV contractility)is transmitted back to {{c1::pulm…
Published	01/07/2025	pulmonary oedema occurs when pulmonary capillary pressure is > {{c1::25}} mmHg
Published	01/07/2025	pulmonary oedema occurs due to: {{c1::left}} sided heart failure - ACUTE
Published	01/07/2025	symptoms which arise in extreme cases where patient is unable to maintain cardiac output:{{c1::cardiogenic}} shockc{{c1::old}}, c{{c1::lammy}}{{c…
Published	01/07/2025	mechanism of right heart failureincreased {{c1::LA/PV}} pressures transmitted to {{c1::PA/RV/RA}} pressureswhich leads to {{c1::peripheral}}…
Published	01/07/2025	is right-sided heart failure acute or chronic?{{c1::chronic}}
Published	01/07/2025	right-sided heart failure => {{c1::peripheral}} oedema
Published	01/07/2025	right sided heart failure-commonly...-how?-clinical symptomsmost commonly due to {{c1::left heart disease}}pressure from LA transmitted to {{c1::PA, R…
Published	01/07/2025	cor pulmonale-what is it?-what conditions can cause it?-how does it happen?-clinical symptoms?{{c1::right-sided}} HF due to {{c1::chronic lung}}&…
Published	01/07/2025	what does increasing PA/RV/RA pressures lead to?increased {{c1::venous return (preload)}}which increases {{c1::cardiac}} output
Published	01/07/2025	in the forward theory, reaction of low cardiac output:activates two {{c1::neurohormonal}} systems:1. increased {{c1::Renin-angiotensin-aldosteron…
Published	01/07/2025	activation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causes:increased retention of {{c1::Na+ and H2O}}which leads to increased {{c1::contractility}…
Published	01/07/2025	when is the RAAS activated?activated by low {{c1::cardiac output}}{{c1::renin}} is released due to reduced renal perfusionin response to:renal {{…
Published	01/07/2025	explain the effects of the RAAS systemIncreased renal {{c1::perfusion}}increased {{c1::renin, angiotensin, aldosterone}} (3){{c1::Na+ and water}}&nbsp…
Published	01/07/2025	describe the link between angiotensin and afterload{{c1::angiotensin causes vasoconstriction which increases afterload}}
Published	01/07/2025	describe the role of sympathetic nervous system and RAASlow cardiac output activates {{c1::SNS = increased catecholamines}}increased {{c1::contractili…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the downside to SNS stimulation of RAAS?{{c1::catecholamine}} cardiotoxicity:leads to {{c1::structural/functional cardio-myoyte}} ch…
Published	01/07/2025	effects of sympathetic activation of heart:short term: increases {{c1::cardiac output}}long term: worsens {{c1::heart failure}}
Published	01/07/2025	sympathetic activation effect on arterial systemshort term: maintains {{c1::BP}} (increases SVR)long term: increases {{c1::workload}} on wea…
Published	01/07/2025	diastolic heart failureheart failure but {{c1::LV systolic}} function is good (HFpEF){{c1::LV}} stiffness (reduced compliance…
Published	01/07/2025	in diastolic heart failure mechanism, what changes from the original flowchart?{{c1::swap decreased LV contractility with increased LV stiffness}}
Published	01/07/2025	LV diastolic heart failure seen in:{{c1::elderly}} patients: hypertension, AF, diabetesdue to increased {{c1::LV stiffness}}
Published	01/07/2025	what is LV diastolic heart failure classified as?{{c1::restrictive cardiomyopathy}}
Published	01/07/2025	what are the three common cardiomyopathies?{{c1::dilated}} cardiomyopathy (dilated weakened heart muscle) - systolic{{c1::restrictive}} card…
Published	01/07/2025	beta blockers are dangerous in {{c1::acute}} heart failure, but important for {{c1::chronic}} heart failure
Published	01/07/2025	chronic HF therapeutic drugs{{c1::fluid retention: loop diuretics (furosemide)}}{{c1::angiotensin II production: ACE-I (ramipril)}}{{c1::angiotensin I…
Published	01/07/2025	acute HF - managementP{{c1::osition - sit upright (gravity)}}O{{c1::xygen}}D{{c1::iuretics - iv furosemide}}M{{c1::orphine}}A{{c1::nti-emetic}} (anti …
Published	01/07/2025	what should you not do in acute HF management?{{c1::do not give beta blockers in acute HF}}
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Published	01/07/2025	Which test is most commonly used to diagnose valve disorders?{{c1::Echocardiogram}}
Published	01/07/2025	How can we differentiate between diastolic and systolic heart failure?{{c1::Diastolic - thick heart wallsSystolic - thin heart walls}}
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