Notes in 01a Dementia

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Published	05/01/2024	What is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly? {{c1::Alzheimer disease}}
Published	05/01/2024	Over 90% of Alzheimer disease cases are {{c1::sporadic::sporadic or familial}}
Published	05/01/2024	The {{c2::ε4}} allele of apolipoprotein E is associated with {{c1::increased}} risk for Alzheimer disease
Published	05/01/2024	The {{c2::ε2}} allele of apolipoprotein E is associated with {{c1::decreased}} risk for Alzheimer disease
Published	05/01/2024	Familial cases of Alzheimer disease (10%) are characterized by a(n) {{c1::earlier}} age of onset (relative to sporadic cases)
Published	05/01/2024	Patients with {{c1::Down}} syndrome have an increased risk for developing Alzheimer disease
Published	05/01/2024	Familial cases of Alzheimer disease are associated with mutations in {{c1::presenilin-1}} and {{c1::presenilin-2}}
Published	05/01/2024	The neuritic plaques seen in Alzheimer's are composed of {{c1::Aβ amyloid}} with entangled neuritic processes
Published	05/01/2024	Aβ amyloid is derived from {{c1::amyloid precursor}} protein, which is encoded on chromosome {{c2::21}}
Published	05/01/2024	The Aβ amyloid in Alzheimer's patients may deposit around vessels, causing {{c1::amyloid angiopathy}}
Published	05/01/2024	Alzheimer disease is characterized by {{c1::neurofibrillary tangles}}, which are intracellular aggregates of {{c2::hyperphosphorylated}} {{c3::tau}} p…
Published	05/01/2024	What feature of Alzheimer disease is represented in the image below?{{c1::Neurofibrillary tangles}}
Published	05/01/2024	{{c2::Pick}} disease is a degenerative disease of the {{c1::frontal}} and {{c1::temporal}} cortex
Published	05/01/2024	Frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease) may have ubiquitinated {{c1::TDP-43}} inclusions seen on histology
Published	05/01/2024	Early-onset dementia with Parkinsonian features is suggestive of {{c1::Lewy body}} dementia
Published	05/01/2024	Lewy body dementia is characterized initially by dementia with {{c1::fluctuating}} cognition / alertness, a(n) {{c2::REM::which stage?}} sleep behavio…
Published	05/01/2024	Lewy body dementia is characterized by intracellular lewy bodies primarily in the {{c1::cortex::location in the brain}}
Published	05/01/2024	What drug class do galantamine and tacrine belong to?{{c1::Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors}}
Published	05/01/2024	What drug class does rivastigmine belong to?{{c1::Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor}}
Published	05/01/2024	What drug class does donepezil belong to?{{c1::Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor}}
Published	05/01/2024	{{c2::Memantine}} is a(n) {{c1::NMDA}} receptor antagonist used to treat {{c3::Alzheimer's}} disease
Published	05/01/2024	Alzheimer disease is characterized by deposition of {{c1::Aβ-amyloid}} in the brain, which forms amyloid plaques
Published	05/01/2024	Mild cognitive impairment is differentiated from normal aging by modest decline in cognitive function with a MoCA score < {{c1::26}}/30
Published	05/01/2024	What form of parkinsonism presents with rapidly progressive gait dysfunction, falls, executive function loss, and vertical gaze palsy?{{c1::Progressiv…
Published	05/01/2024	Personality change and disinhibition followed by early dementia is suggestive of {{c1::frontotemporal dementia (Pick disease)::condition}}
Published	05/01/2024	What is the recommended pharmacotherapy for Alzheimer's dementia?{{c1::Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. donepezil, rivastigmine)}}
Published	05/01/2024	Lewy body dementia is managed with {{c1::AChE inhibitors (e.g. donepezil)::treatment}}
Published	05/01/2024	REM sleep behavior disorder is associated with {{c1::alpha-synuclein}} neurodegenerative disorders
Published	05/01/2024	Which Parkinson's disease plus syndrome includes bradykinesia with vertical gaze palsy, apathy, and postural instability?{{c1::Progressive supranuclea…
Published	05/01/2024	Presenilin-1 / presenilin-2 mutations lead to {{c1::Alzheimer disease (early onset)::condition}}Apo-E4 mutations lead to {{c1::Alzheimer disease (late…
Published	05/01/2024	What MMSE score is widely used as the cutoff for diagnosis of delirium or dementia?{{c1::≤23}}
Published	05/01/2024	{{c2::Cerebral amyloid angiopathy}} is a localized amyloidosis associated with {{c1::Alzheimer's}} disease
Published	05/01/2024	Onset of frontotemporal dementia typically occurs in the fifth or sixth decades of life with 25% inherited in a(n) …
Published	05/01/2024	Lewy body dementia is characterized by dementia and {{c2::visual hallucinations::early finding}} followed by {{c1::parkinsoni…
Published	05/01/2024	The MMSE does not test executive function, but the {{c1::Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)}} does
Published	05/01/2024	Mild and Major Neurocognitive Disorder both need to show a {{c1::decline}} in cognitive performance
Published	05/01/2024	Patients with {{c1::non-amnestic::non/amnestic}} mild cognitive impairment are more likely to progress to frontotemporal dementia or Lewy body de…
Published	05/01/2024	Patients with {{c1::amnestic::non/amnestic}} mild cognitive impairment are more likely to progress to Alzheimer's dementia
Published	05/01/2024	{{c1::Low}} levels of amyloid in the CSF is suggestive of Alzheimer's
Published	05/01/2024	{{c1::High}} levels of tau in the CSF is suggestive of Alzheimer's
Published	05/01/2024	Alzheimer's disease is more common in {{c1::women::gender}}
Published	05/01/2024	Side effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (e.g. donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine) include {{c1::bradycardia}}, which can cause syncope
Published	05/01/2024	{{c1::Aducanumab}} is a monoclonal antibody against amyloid
Published	05/01/2024	Aducanumab can increase inflammation in the brain, which results in {{c1::edema}} and {{c1::hemorrhage}} as possible side effects
Published	05/01/2024	In patients < 65 y/o presenting with new-onset dementia, Alzheimer's disease and {{c1::Frontotemporal dementia}} are equally likely diagnoses
Published	05/01/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a patient with a history of fluctuating cognitive impairment, visual hallucinations, and more recently, brad…
Published	05/01/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a 50 y/o patient with a history of disinhibition and apathy?{{c1::Behavioral-variant frontotemporal dem…
Published	05/01/2024	Alzheimer's Disease is characterized histologically by intracellular {{c1::tangles}} and extracellular {{c1::plaques}}
Published	05/01/2024	Frontotemporal dementia is characterized histologically by accumulation of {{c1::tau::amyloid vs tau}}
Published	05/01/2024	The picture below shows {{c1::neurofibrillary tangles::what histological feature}}
Published	05/01/2024	{{c1::ALS}} and {{c1::Frontotemporal Dementia}} both have intracellular accumulation of {{c2::TDP-43}}
Published	05/01/2024	Nowadays, dementia is properly referred to as {{c1::neurocognitive disorder}}
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