Notes in CNS Development

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	11/30/2024	Common infectious agents in utero:- {{c1::Toxoplasmosis}}- {{c1::Others (syphilis, hepatitis B)}}- {{c1::Rubella}}- {{c1::Cytomegalovirus}}- {{c1::Her…
Published	11/30/2024	Common teratogenic pregnant person metabolic diseases- {{c1::Diabetes}}- {{c1::Iodine deficiency}}- {{c1::Phenylketonuria}}
Published	11/30/2024	Common teratogenic pregnant person toxin/drug exposure- {{c1::Vitamin excess}}- {{c1::Isoretinoin}}- {{c1::Anticonvulsants}}- {{c1::Alcohol}}- {{c1::R…
Published	11/30/2024	Common teratogenic physical agents such as- {{c1::hyperthermia}}- {{c1::radiation}}- {{c1::trauma}}
Published	11/30/2024	CNS malformation typically occurs in the {{c1::embryonic}} phase
Published	11/30/2024	CNS deformation typically occurs in {{c1::fetal}} phase
Published	11/30/2024	{{c2::CNS malformation}} is an ambnormality in morphogenesis due to {{c1::an intrinsic problem within the developing structure}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c2::CNS deformation}} is an ambnormality in morphogenesis due to {{c1::an extrinsic force on a normally developing or developed structure}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c2::Hypoplasia}} is the {{c1::underdevelopment or incomplete development of an organ or tissue}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neural tube defects have decreased significantly since {{c1::folate supplementation}}
Published	11/30/2024	Pregnant person risk factors for neural tube defects:- {{c1::Valproic acid (anti seizure medication)}}- {{c1::vitamin a (Retinoic acid)}}-&n…
Published	11/30/2024	Neural Tube Defects preventative measure- {{c1::Folic acid}} supplementation {{c1::1-3 months prior to and during pregnancy::timeframe}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neural Tube DefectsTiming: {{c1::weeks 3-4 (primary neurulation) or 4-7 (secondary neurulation)}}Location: {{c2::brain or spinal cord}}Cause…
Published	11/30/2024	CNS abnormalities categories- {{c1::CNS anomalies}}- {{c1::CNS malformation}}- {{c1::CNS deformation}}- {{c1::Hypoplasia}}
Published	11/30/2024	Dysraphism is an {{c1::incomplete closure of a union or seam}}
Published	11/30/2024	Open neural tube defects involve {{c1::sclerotome & dermamyotome::somite division/s}}
Published	11/30/2024	Closed neural tube defects involve {{c1::the sclerotome::somite division/s}}
Published	11/30/2024	Open neural tube defects have at least some continuation between {{c1::external}} surface of developing fetus & underlying {{c1::neural tissue}} w…
Published	11/30/2024	Unifying hypothesis states {{c1::open::open/closed}} neural tube defects (NTDs) lead to {{c1::CSF leakage}} which in turns leads to failure of {{c1::n…
Published	11/30/2024	CraniorachschisisType: {{c1::Open::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::22}}Causes: {{c3::complete failure of primary neurulation}}Symptoms…
Published	11/30/2024	AnencephalyType: {{c1::Open::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::24}}Causes: {{c3::Traditional theory: failure of anterior neuropore closu…
Published	11/30/2024	MyelomeningoceleType: {{c1::Open::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::26}}Causes: {{c3::Partial failure of primary neurulation.}}Symptoms:…
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari type II malformation has a small {{c1::posterior fossa}} withcrowded and distorted {{c1::posterior fossa}} contents - the {{c1::cerebellum…
Published	11/30/2024	Hydrocephalus in myelomeningocele typically caused by {{c1::obstructed 4th ventricle or narrowed subarchnoid space in the posterior fossa (cerebe…
Published	11/30/2024	MyeloschisisType: {{c1::Open::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::26}}Causes: {{c3::failure of primary neurulation}}Symptoms: {{c4::A…
Published	11/30/2024	EncephaloceleType: {{c1::Closed::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::24}}Causes: {{c3::Traditional theory: disorder of primary neurulation…
Published	11/30/2024	MeningoceleType: {{c1::Both::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::28 (lumbar) or 49 (sacral)}}Causes: {{c3::Disturbance of primary or secon…
Published	11/30/2024	Spina bifida occultaType: {{c1::Closed::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::49}}Causes: {{c3::disjunction (separation of overlying ectoder…
Published	11/30/2024	Disjunction impairs the insertion of {{c1::mesoderm}} between the {{c1::ectoderm}} and {{c1::neural tube}}.
Published	11/30/2024	Disjunction results in disturbed development of {{c1::vertebrae}} and {{c1::related mesodermal tissue.}}
Published	11/30/2024	Tethered cordType: {{c1::Closed::Open/Closed}}Timing: before day {{c2::49}}Causes: {{c3::Spina cord attached to fatty growth (lipomeningocel…
Published	11/30/2024	Early neural tube layers:- {{c1::ventricular zone}} also called {{c1::neuroepithelial layer}}- {{c1::intermediate zone}} also called&nb…
Published	11/30/2024	cf832b7f10a441e9868586e34d5b7d89-ao-1
Published	11/30/2024	Ventricular zone consists of {{c1::ependymal}} cells
Published	11/30/2024	Intermediate zone consists of {{c1::neurons and glial}} cells
Published	11/30/2024	Marginal zone consists of {{c1::Nerve fibers (axons) of the neuroblasts of the intermediate layer and glial}} cells
Published	11/30/2024	Neuroblasts form in the {{c1::ventricular}} zone and migrate into the {{c1::intermediate}} layer
Published	11/30/2024	Ventricular zone ultimately forms {{c1::all neurons and most glial cells of the spinal cord and brain}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neurons and glial cells in the intermediate zone develop from {{c1::neuroblasts that migrated from the ventricular zone}}
Published	11/30/2024	Intermediate zone ultimately forms {{c1::gray matter}} of the spinal cord & brain
Published	11/30/2024	Intermediate zone forms {{c1::alar and basal}} plates
Published	11/30/2024	Marginal zone ultimately becomes {{c1::the white matter of the spinal cord & brain}}
Published	11/30/2024	Basal plate is the {{c1::ventrolateral::location}} thickening of the {{c1::intermediate}} zone
Published	11/30/2024	Alar plate is the {{c1::dorsolateral::location}} thickening of the {{c1::intermediate}} zone
Published	11/30/2024	Basal plate in the spinal cord ultimately forms the {{c1::lateral and ventral horns and ventral roots}} during week {{c2::6}}
Published	11/30/2024	Alar plate in the spinal cord ultimately forms the {{c1::sensory neuroblasts of the dorsal horn}} during week {{c2::6}}
Published	11/30/2024	Dorsal roots of spinal cord formed by {{c1::dorsal root ganglia}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::Dorsal roots}} project towards {{c1::ventral roots}} to form the spinal nerve
Published	11/30/2024	Roof and floor plate function: {{c1::pathways for nerve fibers crossing from one side to another}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sulcus limitants appears during week {{c1::4}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sulcus limitants function: {{c1::separates alar and basal plates}}
Published	11/30/2024	Spinal cord at week {{c2::8}} extends to {{c1::entire length of the vertebral canal::location in vertebral canal}}
Published	11/30/2024	The vertebral column and dura mater grow {{c1::faster::faster/slower}} than the spinal cord
Published	11/30/2024	Spinal cord at week {{c2::24}} extends to {{c1::S1::location in vertebral canal}}
Published	11/30/2024	Spinal cord at week {{c2::40 (birth)}} extends to {{c1::L5::location in vertebral canal}}
Published	11/30/2024	Spinal cord at week {{c2::43 (3 weeks postnatal)}} extends to {{c1::inferior border of L1 (ranges from superior T12-L3)::location in vertebral ca…
Published	11/30/2024	Dura and arachnoid mater end at {{c1::S2::spinal cord level}} in adults
Published	11/30/2024	Primary brain vesicles during week {{c2::4-5}}- {{c1::Prosencephalon (forebrain)}}- {{c1::Mesencephalon (midbrain)}}- {{c1::Rhombenceph…
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain flexure forms during weeks {{c1::4 and 5}}
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain flexure moves {{c1::mesencephalon::structure}} to {{c1::summit of the brain::location}}
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain flexure is also called {{c1::mesencephalic}} flexure, {{c1::cephalic}} flexure, and {{c1::cranial}} flexure
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::Midbrain-hindbrain junction}} is a {{c2::critical organizer that orchestrates patterning::function}} for cerebellum
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain flexure develops between {{c1::prosencephalon}} and {{c1::rhombencephalon}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cervical flexure develops between {{c1::rhombencephalon}} and {{c1::spinal cord}}
Published	11/30/2024	pontine flexure develops between {{c1::proximal rhombencephalon}} and {{c1::distal rhombencephalon}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::pontine}} flexure causes the walls of the neural tube to flare
Published	11/30/2024	The 4th ventricle is ultimately formed by {{c1::pontine}} flexure
Published	11/30/2024	Result of arrested development of neural tube flexures: {{c1::kinked (z-shaped) brain stem and cerebellar hypoplasia}}
Published	11/30/2024	Secondary brain vesicles during week {{c2::5-6}}- {{c1::Telencephalon (prosencephalon)}}- {{c1::Diencephalon (prosencephalon)}}- {{c1::…
Published	11/30/2024	b5b945b78a0142449f213e45f8b55ea8-ao-1
Published	11/30/2024	b5b945b78a0142449f213e45f8b55ea8-ao-2
Published	11/30/2024	Compared to spinal cord, brain alar plates are more {{c1::lateral::direction}}
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalon basal plates {{c1::regress::proliferate/regress}}
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalon alar plates {{c1::proliferate::proliferate/regress}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sulcus limitans stops in the brain at {{c1::the midbrain forebrain junction}}
Published	11/30/2024	Compared to spinal cord, brain roof plates are {{c1::thinner and wider}}, especially in the {{c1::brainstem}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellum formation begins at week {{c1::5}} with formation of {{c2::rhombic lips}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellum {{c2::enlarges, fuses to midline, and projects over 4th ventricle}} by week {{c1::8}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellum {{c2::hemispheres and vermis are visible}} by week {{c1::12}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellum {{c2::roof separates into anterior and posterior membranous areas}} by week {{c1::10}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellum primary events- {{c1::Patterning of MHB junction (isthmic organizer) and cerebellar angle}}- {{c1::4th ventricle roof development…
Published	11/30/2024	anterior membranous area contains {{c1::neurons}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebellar vermis is incorporated into {{c1::anterior membranous area (AMA)}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::posterior membranous area}} is perforated to form {{c2::foramen of Magendie and foramen of Luschka}}
Published	11/30/2024	Disturbances during {{c2::cerebellar development of the 4th ventricular roof}} results in {{c1::many of the posterior cranial / brain disorders includ…
Published	11/30/2024	cerebellar hemispheres & vermis are primarily derived from the {{c1::alar plate}} near the {{c1::midbrain-hindbrain junction & 1st rhombomere}…
Published	11/30/2024	Disruption of {{c2::cerebellar hemispheres and vermis development}} results in {{c1::mild-to-severe hypoplasia-dysplasia disorders}}
Published	11/30/2024	The major components of the cerebellum are in place by week {{c1::20}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::Dandy walker anomaly}} is a fundamental defect in the development of {{c2::the rhombencephalic roof and vermis}}
Published	11/30/2024	Dandy Walker Anomaly anatomical abnormalities- {{c1::Complete or partial agenesis of cerebellar vermis}}- {{c1::Cystic dilation of 4th ventr…
Published	11/30/2024	Dandy walker anomaly timing: weeks {{c1::8-16}}
Published	11/30/2024	Dandy walker anomaly associated complications- {{c1::Hydrocephalus}}- {{c1::Occipital encephaloceles}}- {{c1::Dysplasia-hypoplasia of c…
Published	11/30/2024	Dandy walker anomaly symptoms: {{c1::variable. Dependant on severity/presence of associated anomalies}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari anomaly: {{c1::part of cerebellum (and sometimes brainstem) located inferior to foramen magnum}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari anomalies have {{c1::4}} types
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari type I: {{c1::extension of cerebellar tonsils into foramen magnum with no brainstem involvement}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari type II {{c1::extension of cerebellar and brainstem tissue into foramen magnum}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari type III: {{c1::Cerebellum and brainstem herniate through the brainstem magnum into the spinal cord}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chairi anomalies most to least common:- {{c1::Type I}}- {{c1::Type II}}- {{c1::Type III}}
Published	11/30/2024	Type {{c1::II}} chiari anomalies highly associated with myelomeningocele
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari type II also called {{c1::Arnold chiari}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari anomaly clinical presentation in newborns:- {{c1::Sound production, respiratory, and feeding/swallowing difficulties}}
Published	11/30/2024	Chiari anomalies clinical presentation in adults:- {{c1::difficulty with cerebellar-related activity}}- {{c1::Speaking/respiratory/swallowin…
Published	11/30/2024	Forebrain has no {{c1::basal}} plates
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalic earliest prominent phase during week {{c1::5-6}}
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalic development peaks during weeks {{c1::8-16}}
Published	11/30/2024	Forebrain developmental events:- Prosencephalic {{c1::formation}}- Prosencephalic {{c1::cleavage}}- Prosencephalic {{c1::midline develo…
Published	11/30/2024	Disruption during prosencephalic formation stage results in {{c1::aprosencephaly (lack of telencephalon/diencephalon) or atelencephaly (lack of t…
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalic cleavages:- {{c1::Horizontal}}- {{c1::Transverse}}- {{c1::Sagittal}}
Published	11/30/2024	Horizontal prosencephalic cleavage ultimately forms {{c1::paired optic vesicles, olfactory bulbs & tracts}}
Published	11/30/2024	Transverse prosencephalic cleavage ultimately forms {{c1::telencephalon and diencephalon}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sagittal prosencephalic cleavage ultimately forms {{c1::paired cerebral hemispheres, lateral ventricles, and portions of basal ganglia}}
Published	11/30/2024	Diencephalon ultimately forms {{c1::a portion of basal ganglia, thalamus, third ventricle, and posterior portion of pituitary gland (neurohypophysis, …
Published	11/30/2024	Anterior portion of pituitary gland develops from {{c1::an upgrowth of ectodermal roof of stomodeum (hypophysial diverticulum; Rathke’s pouch)}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sagittal cleavage disruption results in {{c1::holoprosencephaly (telencephalon/diencephalon doesn't separate) or holotelencephaly (telencephalon …
Published	11/30/2024	Holoprosencephaly: {{c1::prosencephalon fails to develop into 2 hemispheres}}
Published	11/30/2024	Most severe form of holoprosencephaly is also called {{c1::alobar holoprosencephaly}}
Published	11/30/2024	In holoprosencephaly, {{c2::abnormally close together (hypoterlorism) or fused eyes (cyclopia) and lacking nose::symptoms}} result from {{c1::red…
Published	11/30/2024	Severity of holoprosencephaly depends on {{c1::degree of development of median plane}}
Published	11/30/2024	Holoprosencephaly genetic and environmental factors:- {{c1::Trisomy 13 (patau syndrome)}}- {{c1::Pregnant person diabetes}}- {{c1::Tera…
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalic midline development occurs during week {{c1::10-16}}
Published	11/30/2024	The 3 crucial thickenings of prosencephalic midline development:- {{c1::Commissural (septum pellucidum/corpus callosum)}}- {{c1::Chiasmatic …
Published	11/30/2024	Prosencephalic midline development disruption can result in {{c1::agenesis of corpus callosum or dysplasia of other midline thickenings}}
Published	11/30/2024	Corpus callosum develops from the {{c1::lamina terminalis}}
Published	11/30/2024	The anterior neuropore becomes the {{c1::lamina terminalis}}
Published	11/30/2024	Agenesis of corpus callosum symptoms: {{c1::sometimes asymptomatic. Commonly causes seizures/intellectual disabilities}}
Published	11/30/2024	Gray matter of subcortical areas (basal ganglia/thalamus/etc) {{c2::do not migrate::do/don't migrate}} and are formed by {{c1::intermediate}} zon…
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebral cortex cells {{c2::do migrate::do/don't migrate}} and are formed by {{c1::intermediate}} zone
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebral cortex cells migrate from {{c1::intermediate}} zone to {{c1::marginal zone}}
Published	11/30/2024	Choroid plexus is formed by {{c1::tufts of capillaries::structure}} invaginate into {{c1::roof plates::structure}} of the {{c1::forebrain and hin…
Published	11/30/2024	Choroid plexus starts to secrete ventricular fluid by week {{c1::5}}
Published	11/30/2024	CSF substance constituents sources:- {{c1::ventricular fluid}}- {{c1::brain and spinal cord}}- {{c1::pia mater and arachnoid mater}}
Published	11/30/2024	Types of hydrocephalus:- {{c1::obstructure/noncommunicating hydrocephalus}}- {{c1::nonobstructive/communicating hydrocephalus}}
Published	11/30/2024	Obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by {{c1::blocked/inadequate communication between ventricles and subarachnoid space}}
Published	11/30/2024	Common causes of obstructive hydrocephalus- {{c1::Congenital aqueductal stenosis}}- {{c1::Choroid plexus tumors that secrete too much CSF}}-…
Published	11/30/2024	Non-obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by {{c1::Absorption of the CSF is impaired or too much CSF}}
Published	11/30/2024	Non-obstructive hydrocephalus common causes:- {{c1::Obliteration of subarachnoid cisterns}}- {{c1::Malfunction of arachnoid villi}}- {{…
Published	11/30/2024	The big events of fetal brain development- {{c1::neuron production, migration, and differentiation}}- {{c1::Formation of sulci and gyri}}-&n…
Published	11/30/2024	Neuronal production begins on day {{c1::42}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neuronal production is mostly complete by {{c1::mid gestation}} in the brain
Published	11/30/2024	Neuronal migration results in rudimentary {{c1::neural networks}}
Published	11/30/2024	Major fiber pathways are established by week {{c1::38}}
Published	11/30/2024	Sulci and gyri develop especially during weeks {{c1::32-40}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly is caused by {{c1::incomplete neuronal migration to the cerebral cortex}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly occurs during week {{c1::8-16}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly main characteristics:- {{c1::smooth cerebral surface.}}- {{c1::neuronal heterotopia (abnormal placement of cell bodies other than cortic…
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly discovery timing: {{c1::infant/newborn::infant/childhood/adulthood}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly clinical presentation in infants: {{c1:: asymptomatic typically. sometimes apnea/poor feeding/decreased muscle tone. May develop mi…
Published	11/30/2024	Lissencephaly clinical presentation in adults- {{c1::Seizures}}- {{c1::profound intellectual and developmental delays}}- {{c1::spastic quadriplegia}}
Published	11/30/2024	Grey matter heterotopia: {{c1::ectopic (abnormal place) grey matter}}
Published	11/30/2024	Grey matter heterotopia is the basis for some {{c1::seizure}} disorders
Published	11/30/2024	Fetal alcohol syndrome impairs {{c1::cellular adhesion::process}} important for {{c1::cytoskeletal}} structure and may disrupt neuronal {{c1::mig…
Published	11/30/2024	Synaptogenesis enters peak period during week {{c1::34}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neuron production peaks at week {{c1::28}} in general
Published	11/30/2024	Neuronal apoptosis purpose:- {{c1::correct errors in neuronal production/migration}}- {{c1::Eliminate neurons that sent projections to incor…
Published	11/30/2024	Postnatal brain development big picture events:- limited {{c1:: neuron production}}- onset of {{c1:: myelination}}- Synaptic {{c1:: pruning}}- Cortica…
Published	11/30/2024	Myelination order first to last:- {{c1::sensory pathways}}- {{c1::motor pathways}}- {{c1::association pathways}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cortical thinning occurs due to - {{c1::synaptic pruning}}- {{c1::myelination}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cortical thinning order- {{c1::sensory}}- {{c1::motor}}- {{c1::association and higher-order cortical areas}}
Published	11/30/2024	Thinning in motor areas is important for {{c1::fine motor skills}}
Published	11/30/2024	Thinning in language areas is important for {{c1::phonological processing skills}}
Published	11/30/2024	Significant cerebellum developmental lesions are screened with {{c1::prenatal ultrasound}}
Published	11/30/2024	NTDs are screened for by {{c1::Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screening}}
Published	11/30/2024	maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP) screenings are done after week {{c1::12}}
Published	11/30/2024	Causes for increased alpha fetoprotein- {{c1::Fetal death}}- {{c1::Twins}}- {{c1::Contaminated fetal blood}}- {{c1::Digestive tract restrictions (duod…
Published	11/30/2024	Myelomeningoceles are treated prenatally by {{c1::fetal myelo repair (MOMS study)}} during weeks {{c2::19-25}}
Published	11/30/2024	Myelomeningoceles are treated perinatally by {{c1::Caesarean section}} then {{c2::surgical repair}} within {{c2::72}} hours
Published	11/30/2024	Typical patient outcome for myelomeningoceles at S2 is {{c1::good (typically able to walk)}}
Published	11/30/2024	Typical patient outcome for myelomeningoceles at >L2 is {{c1::poor (typically unable to walk)}}
Published	11/30/2024	Neuronal migration peaks during weeks {{c1::12-20}}
Published	11/30/2024	Synaptic pruning peaks during {{c1::childhood::infancy/childhood/adolescence/adulthood}}
Published	11/30/2024	Cortical thinning peaks during {{c1::early adolescence::infancy/childhood/adolescence/adulthood}}
Status	Last Update	Fields