Notes in 05 Arteriosclerosis

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Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Arteriosclerosis}} (literally: “{{c1::hardening}} of the arteries”) denotes {{c2::arterial wall thickening}} and {{c2::loss of elasticity…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::ARTERIOSCLEROSIS}}Lesions are characterized by elevated intimal-based plaques composed of {{c2::lipids}}, proliferating {{c2::SMC}}, {{c2…
Published	10/21/2024	Arteriosclerosis cause pathology by:{{c1::Mechanically obstructing}} flow, especially in {{c2::smaller-bore vessels}}{{c1::Plaque rupture}} leading to…
Published	10/21/2024	Patterns of Artheriosclerosis Arteriosclerosis, primarily affecting small arteries and arterioles; associated with {{c1::downstream ischemia}} …
Published	10/21/2024	Patterns of Artheriosclerosis{{c1::Monckeberg medial sclerosis}}, characterized by medial calcification in {{c2::muscular:: elastic or muscular?}} …
Published	10/21/2024	Patterns of Artheriosclerosis {{c1::Fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia}} occurs in {{c2::muscular arteries:: what type of arteries?}} …
Published	10/21/2024	Patterns of Artheriosclerosis {{c1::Fibromuscular intimal hyperplasia}} is fundamentally a healing response, driven by {{c2::inflammation}…
Published	10/21/2024	Patterns of Artheriosclerosis {{c1::Atherosclerosis}}, the most frequent and clinically important
Published	10/21/2024	Epidemiology of Arteriosclerosis  The major classic risk factors:
Published	10/21/2024	Epidemiology of ArteriosclerosisThe number of risk factors increases disease incidence in an approximately {{c1::multiplicative}} way
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Constitutional}} ({{c1::Nonmodifiable}}) Risk Factors  {{c2::Genetics}} {{c2::Age}}{{c2::Gender}}
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Modifiable}} Major Risk Factors  {{c2:: Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia}} {{c2::Hypertension}}{{c2::Smoking}}{{c2::Dia…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Constitional}} {{c1::(Nonmodifiable) }} Risk Factors {{c2::Genetics}}{{c3::Family history}} - most significant independent…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2:: Modifiable Major}} Risk Factors {{c1:: Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia}}Increased risk is associated with:{{c2::increa…
Published	10/21/2024	Modifiable Major Risk Factors {{c1:: Hyperlipidemia and hypercholesterolemia}}Levels can be favorably modified by:diet, exercise,&nbs…
Published	10/21/2024	Additional Risk Factors  →  Present at {{c1::all stages:: what stage?}} of atherosclerosis development and plays a significant ca…
Published	10/21/2024	Additional Risk Factors    {{c1::Hyperhomocysteinemia}}: Elevated levels of {{c1::homocysteine}} are associated with increased…
Published	10/21/2024	Additional Risk Factors    {{c1:: Lipoprotein(a)}}: This is an altered form of {{c2::LDL}} containing the apolipoprot…
Published	10/21/2024	Additional Risk Factors  Factors affecting {{c1::hemostasis}}: Systemic markers of {{c1::hemostasis}} or {{c1::fibrinolysis}} p…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis A chronic inflammatory and healing response of the arterial wall to endothelial cell (EC) injury → Eventuall…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis  Initial EC injury causes: → {{c1::Increased:: increased or decreased?}} endothelial permeability → {{c1…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis  Prior events drive recruitment, proliferation, and matrix production by {{c1::smooth muscle cells (S…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5925:top=.0149:width=.1382:height=.0269:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5925:top=.0627:width=.1382:height=.071…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2238:top=.0186:width=.1413:height=.0218:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2195:top=.0677:width=.1371:height=.065…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4179:top=.0168:width=.1242:height=.0236:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3994:top=.0677:width=.1442:height=.063…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7748:top=.0168:width=.1385:height=.0255:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7877:top=.0659:width=.1242:height=.067…
Published	10/21/2024	Typical atheroma consist of {{c1::foam}} cells mixed with the ff:  → {{c2::LDL}}→ {{c2::Cholesterol crystals}} → {{c2::Infl…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis Initial endothelial cell injury →  Cause {{c1::increased}} endothelial permeability →  Blood ce…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis  Progression from {{c1::fatty}} streak to {{c1::fibrous}} plaque: → Increased deposit…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis  Plaque disruption:→ Rupture leads to the formation of a {{c1::thrombus}}→Thrombus can migrate to oth…
Published	10/21/2024	Sequence of Events in the Development of Arteriosclerosis{{c2::Endothelial cell Injury}}{{c1::Hemodynamic}} disturbances{{c2::Hypercholesterol…
Published	10/21/2024	Sequence of Events in the Development of Arteriosclerosis{{c1::Smooth}} muscle proliferation and {{c1::matrix}} synthesis:→ SMC…
Published	10/21/2024	Arteriosclerosis Morphology:Fatty streaks - composed of {{c1::foamy macrophages}}
Published	10/21/2024	Arteriosclerosis Morphology:{{c1::Atherosclerotic plaque}} ({{c2::atheroma}} / {{c2::fibrofatty}} plaque) - characterized by {{…
Published	10/21/2024	Arteriosclerosis Morphology:{{c1::Plaques}}  - Patchy and rarely circumferential, usually involving only a portion of any given arte…
Published	10/21/2024	Arteriosclerosis Morphology: Atherosclerotic lesions → Initially {{c1::focal}} and {{c1::sparsely}} distributed → Tend to enlarge over tim…
Published	10/21/2024	Plaques are complicated in the presence of the ff: → {{c1::Calcification}} → {{c1::Hemorrhage}} → {{c1::Fissuring}} → {{c1::Ulceration}…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::Stability}} and {{c2::fragility}} of plaque is impacted by the {{c1::thickness}} and {{c1::ECM}} content of…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Atheromatous}} plaques can rupture, ulcerate, or erode exposing the bloodstream to highly thrombogenic substances → ultima…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Intraplaque}} {{c1::hemorrhage}}Occur when a hematoma expands a plaque and induces rupture  …
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Intraplaque}} {{c1::hemorrhage}}Rupture of overlying cap or thin-walled vessels with neovascularizations cause: Hemorrhage…
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences of Atherosclerotic Disease AtherosclerosisDynamic process with periods of {{c1::growth}} and {{c1::remodeling}} beginning …
Published	10/21/2024	Consequences of Atherosclerotic Disease → Atherosclerotic {{c1::stenosis}} → Acute {{c1::plaque}} change  …
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  Plaque {{c1::erosion}}, {{c1::frank}} rupture, or {{c1::hemorrhage}} into the plaque → Cau…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change In disrupted plaques, blood is exposed to highly {{c1::thrombogenic}} plaque contents or subendothelial basem…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  In most cases of MI, {{c1::plaque disruption}} (with associated thrombosis) is precipitous and …
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  Intrinsic factors that influence disruption: → Plaque {{c1::structure}} and {{c1::composition}}…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  Intrinsic factors that influence disruption: {{c1::Vulnerable:: Vulnerable or Stable?}} pla…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  Intrinsic factors that influence disruption: {{c1::Stable:: Vulnerable or Stable?}} plaques…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  {{c2::Extrinsic}} factors that influence disruption: {{c1::Hypertension}}{{c1::Focal vasoconstric…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change  Extrinsic factors that influence disruption: {{c1::Hypertension}}Occur at sites of {{c2::plaque}}…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change {{c1::False:: True or False?}}All plaque ruptures result in completely occlusive thrombosis with catastrophic…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change {{c1::Plaque disruption}} with {{c1::partial}} thrombosis → Common, clinically silent complica…
Published	10/21/2024	Acute Plaque Change {{c1::Organization of subtotal thromboses}} → Important mechanism in the growth of atherosclerotic lesio…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::ARTERIOSCLEROSIS}}A slowly progressive disease of {{c1::large- to medium-:: what size?}} sized {{c1::muscular and elastic:: what type?}} arterie…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Constitional}} {{c1::(Nonmodifiable) }} Risk Factors {{c1::Age}}Atherosclerotic burden progressively increases with {{c1::age}}wi…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::Constitional}} {{c2::(Nonmodifiable) }} Risk Factors {{c1:: Gender}}Relative to age-matched males, {{c1::premenopausal}} wom…
Published	10/21/2024	Morphology:Plaques Small blood vessels proliferate at the {{c1::intimal-medial}} interface Composed of:{{c1::Superficial fibrous caps}} cont…
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