Notes in 01 Immune Response to Pathogens Prework

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Interferons}} are immunomodulatory {{c2::cytokines}} that are released from virus-infected host cells
Published	08/30/2024	The signal transduction region of T lymphocytes consists of a multi-chain structure known as {{c1::CD3}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Dendritic}} cells function as a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of immunity includes macrophages and monocytes? {{c1::Innate immunity::Innate or Adaptive}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of immunity includes neutrophils and dendritic cells? {{c1::Innate immunity::Innate or Adaptive}}
Published	09/04/2023	Which type of immunity occurs rapidly, over minutes to hours?{{c1::Innate immunity::Innate or Adaptive}}
Published	09/04/2023	Is adaptive immunity specific or nonspecific? {{c1::Highly specific}}
Published	09/04/2023	Which type of immunity includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes? {{c1::Innate immunity::Innate or Adaptive}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of immunity responds to antigens with antibodies from plasma cells? {{c1::Humoral immunity::Humoral or Cell-mediated}}
Published	09/04/2023	Are toll-like receptors (TLRs) found on cells of the innate or adaptive immune system?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	08/30/2024	The oxidative burst leads to the production of NO and {{c1::ROS}} which destroy pathogens, as well as the phagolysosome and phagocyte
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-1
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-2
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-3
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-4
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-5
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-6
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-7
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-8
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-9
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-10
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-11
Published	09/04/2023	30ed6b593a8c427cbd193c01b29450af-oa-12
Published	08/30/2024	The {{c2::granulocytes}} are {{c1::neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils}}
Published	09/04/2023	Both macrophages and neutrophils kill phagocytosed pathogens by making the pH of the phagolysosome {{c1::low::low or high}}
Published	08/30/2024	What type of leukocyte defends against helminthic infections? {{c1::Eosinophils}}
Published	09/04/2023	The granules of basophils contain {{c1::heparin}} (anticoagulant) and {{c2::histamine}} (vasodilator)
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Macrophages}} differentiate from circulating blood monocytes
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)}} on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T-cell receptors (T…
Published	09/04/2023	Which MHC class is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), only? {{c1::MHC II}}
Published	09/04/2023	MHC {{c2::II}} binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD{{c1::4}}
Published	09/04/2023	MHC {{c2::I}} presents {{c1::endogenously}} synthesized antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Published	09/04/2023	Granuloma formation: Macrophages present antigen via MHC II to CD{{c1::4}}+ T cells
Published	09/04/2023	1fcb5fe5dc984cc9a146034d816d514a-oa-1
Published	09/04/2023	1fcb5fe5dc984cc9a146034d816d514a-oa-2
Published	09/04/2023	1fcb5fe5dc984cc9a146034d816d514a-oa-3
Published	09/04/2023	1fcb5fe5dc984cc9a146034d816d514a-oa-4
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::NK cells::cell type}} kill viral-infected cells that have antibodies on their surface
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Toll-like receptors (TLRs)}} on cells of the immune system are activated by {{c2::pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)}} that are comm…
Published	08/30/2024	Among the PRRs that activate NFkB (a transcription factor),{{c1::TLR 1,2,4,5,6}} recognize pathogens in the {{c2::extracellular space}}{{c1::TLR 3,7,9…
Published	09/04/2023	What enzyme reduces superoxide (O2·-) to H2O2?{{c1::Superoxide dismutase}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::iNOS}} catalyzes the conversion of {{c2::arginine}} to {{c3::nitric oxide}} in the presence of NADPH and molecular oxygen
Published	08/30/2024	In the phagolysosome, the {{c1::specific}} granules act first via proteases and hydrolases at {{c2::neutral}} pH. As organisms die, {{c3::K+ and …
Published	09/04/2023	{{c2::Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)}} is due to a defect in {{c1::NADPH oxidase}}
Published	08/30/2024	Both MHC I and II present "chewed" up antigens however, MHC I presents {{c1::endo}}genous antigens that were processed by the {{c2::pro…
Published	09/04/2023	Increasing the volume of the blood sample {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} test sensitivity
Published	09/04/2023	Delays in sample processing can lead to {{c1::false negatives}}
Published	09/04/2023	Longer sample incubation is needed to detect slow-growing organisms like {{c1::filamentous fungi}}, {{c2::Nocardia spp}}., and {{c3::slow-growing myco…
Published	08/30/2024	Two examples of gram-positive organisms with known resistance phenotypes that can be identified with rapid molecular tests are {{c1::Enterococcus faec…
Published	09/04/2023	The {{c1::upper}} respiratory tract includes the areas from the anterior nasal passages to the larynx
Published	09/04/2023	The {{c1::first}} aliquot removed in a bronchoalveolar lavage should be discarded because it is contaminated with upper airway secretions
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Cerebrospinal fluid}} samples are hypotonic and rapidly change pH after collection
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Escherichia coli}} causes 80% of UTIs
Published	09/04/2023	Pediatric UTIs are most commonly caused by {{c1::gram-negative enteric bacteria}}
Published	09/04/2023	MALDI-TOF is a modern, cheap, and rapid way to identify bacteria using {{c1::mass spectrometry::OChem lab technique}}
Published	09/04/2023	What is the definitive test for diagnosing B. pertussis infection?{{c1::PCR}}
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Nucleic acid amplification}} tests tend to be more sensitive and specific than standard cultures
Published	09/06/2023	{{c1::16S ribosomal}} genes are common targets of interest for bacterial identification
Published	09/06/2023	{{c1::Cytocentrifugation}} can concentrate the bacterial stain before Gram stain
Published	09/04/2023	SARS-CoV-2 viral load is {{c1::highest::level}} at the time of symptom onset
Published	08/30/2024	Viral antigen tests typically detect antigens from {{c1::nucleocapsid proteins}}
Published	09/04/2023	Antigen tests are {{c1::less::more/less}} sensitive than NAATs
Published	09/04/2023	In general, detectable levels of antibodies can take {{c1::several days to weeks}} to develop
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::Antibody}} tests are most useful for screening or surveillance of asymptomatic patients to help determine population prevalence of COVID-19
Published	08/30/2024	Viral Antibody tests target antigens from the {{c1::spike}} and {{c2::nucleocapsid}} proteins
Published	09/04/2023	{{c1::NF-kB}} is a transcription factor that regulates the production of proinflammatory cytokines (e.g. IL-2, TNF-α)
Status	Last Update	Fields