Notes in 2 Enzymes and Vitamins

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Published	07/30/2024	compound, usually a protein, that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction.
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme comes from the Greek words en, which means “{{c1::in}},” and zyme, which means “{{c1::yeast}}.”
Published	07/30/2024	Most enzymes are {{c1::globular::shape}} proteinsSome are {{c2::simple proteins}}, consisting entirely of {{c2::amino acid chains}}. Others are {…
Published	07/30/2024	Are all enzyme made out of proteins?
Published	07/30/2024	How to enzymes differ from nonbiochemical catalysts?
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning the nature of enzymes is incorrect?a. Most, but not all, enzymes are globular proteins.b. Some, but not a…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following comparisons involving enzymes and laboratory (nonbiochemical) catalysts is correct?a. Enzymes speed up reaction rates and labor…
Published	07/30/2024	Which are more efficient, enzymes or nonezymatic catalysts
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme composed only of protein (amino acid chains)
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that has a nonprotein part in addition to a protein part
Published	07/30/2024	In a conjugated protein, both the apoenzyme and cofactor have catalytics properties of their own
Published	07/30/2024	protein part of a conjugated enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	nonprotein part of a conjugated enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	biochemically active conjugated enzyme produced from an apoenzyme and a cofactor
Published	07/30/2024	Why do apoenzymes need cofactors?
Published	07/30/2024	Two broad categories of cofactors exist
Published	07/30/2024	Metal ion cofactors
Published	07/30/2024	All metal ions must be supplied to the human body through
Published	07/30/2024	What diet should you take to provide adequate amounts of needed metallic cofactors
Published	07/30/2024	small organic molecule that serves as a cofactor in a conjugated enzyme.
Published	07/30/2024	How do we get coenzymes
Published	07/30/2024	Building blocks of coenzymes
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamins must be obtained through
Published	07/30/2024	What bond do cofactors have with their enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	How are metal ions bonded to their enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	How are MOST coenzymes bonded to their enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	Are all coenzymes permanently attached to their enzymes?
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements about a conjugated enzyme is correct?a. It contains only amino acids.b. It always contains a metal atom.c. It always…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements about cofactors is incorrect?a. All conjugated enzymes contain cofactors.b. Metal ions can function as cofactors.c. …
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements about the interaction of cofactors with apoenzymesis correct?a. They are always covalently bonded to the apoenzyme.b…
Published	07/30/2024	reactant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
Published	07/30/2024	an enzyme that catalyzes an oxidation–reduction reaction.
Published	07/30/2024	oxidoreductase that removes hydrogen atoms from a molecule.
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one molecule to another.
Published	07/30/2024	Two major subtypes of transferases
Published	07/30/2024	catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from one molecule to another.
Published	07/30/2024	play a major role in metabolic energy-production reactions, catalyze the transfer of a phosphate group from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to give adeno…
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes a hydrolysis reaction in which the addition of a water molecule to a bond causes the bond to break
Published	07/30/2024	effect the breaking of glycosidic bonds in oligo- and polysaccharides
Published	07/30/2024	effect the breaking of peptide linkages in proteins
Published	07/30/2024	effect the breaking of ester linkages in triacylglycerols
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a group to a double bond or the removal of a group to form a double bond in a manner that does not involve hydro…
Published	07/30/2024	effects the removal of the components of water from a double bond
Published	07/30/2024	effects the addition of the components of water to a double bond.
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes the isomerization (rearrangement of atoms) of a substrate in a reaction, converting it into a molecule isomeric with itself
Published	07/30/2024	There is only {{c2::one::number}} reactant and {{c2::one::number}} product in reactions where {{c1::isomerases::enzyme}} are operative
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes the bonding together of two molecules into one with the participation of ATP
Published	07/30/2024	2 subclasses of ligases
Published	07/30/2024	2 subclasses of isomerases
Published	07/30/2024	4 subclasses of lyases
Published	07/30/2024	4 subclasses of hydrolases
Published	07/30/2024	2 subclasses of transferases
Published	07/30/2024	3 subclasses of oxidoreductases
Published	07/30/2024	formation of a new bond between a substrate and CO2, with participation of ATP
Published	07/30/2024	formation of a new bond between two substrates, with participation of ATP
Published	07/30/2024	transfer of a functional group from one position to another in the same molecule
Published	07/30/2024	conversion of d isomer to l isomer, or vice versa
Published	07/30/2024	removal of CO2 from a substrate
Published	07/30/2024	removal of NH3 from a substrate
Published	07/30/2024	If fresh pineapple, kiwi, or papaya is added to a gelatindessert powder, such as Jello, the gelatin will not gel. Why is this so?
Published	07/30/2024	Enzyme involved in discoloration (browning) that occurs when freshly cut fruit (apples, pears, etc.) and vegetables (potatoes) are exposed to air for …
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning an enzyme substrate is incorrect?a. It is the substance upon which the enzyme “acts.”b. It is the reactan…
Published	07/30/2024	Most enzyme names end with the suffix –ase, but a few names end in the suffixa. –oseb. –inec. –ind. no correct response
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following pairings of enzyme type and enzyme function is incorrect?a. Lipase – hydrolysis of ester linkages in a lipidb. Hydratase – addi…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following pairings of enzyme type and enzyme function is incorrect?a. Kinase – transfer of a phosphate group between substratesb. Mutase …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Phenolase}} {{c1::hydroxylates}} {{c2::phenol derivatives}} to {{c3::catechol derivatives}} and then {{c5::oxidizes}} the {{c6::catechol derivat…
Published	07/30/2024	Which derivatives in fruit discoloration produce the browning itself
Published	07/30/2024	relatively small part of an enzyme’s structure that is actually involved in catalysis.
Published	07/30/2024	The active site in an enzyme is a three-dimensional entity formed by groups thatcome from different parts of the protein chain(s); these groups are br…
Published	07/30/2024	intermediate reaction species that is formed when a substrate binds to the active site of an enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	Within the {{c1::enzyme–substrate complex}}, the substrate encounters more favorable reaction conditions than if it were free.
Published	07/30/2024	lock-and-key model
Published	07/30/2024	induced-fit model
Published	07/30/2024	The forces that draw the substrate into the active site
Published	07/30/2024	An enzyme active site is the location in an enzyme where substrate moleculesa. are producedb. are changed to catalystsc. react to form productd. no co…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning the lock-and-key model for enzymeactivity is incorrect?a. The active site has a fixed, rigid geometry.b. …
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following enzyme properties is explained by the induced-fit model forenzyme activity?a. high specificity of an enzyme for a specific subs…
Published	07/30/2024	extent to which an enzyme’s activity is restricted to a specific substrate, a specific group of substrates, a specific type of chemical bond, or a spe…
Published	07/30/2024	The degree of enzyme specificity is determined by the
Published	07/30/2024	the enzyme will catalyze only one reaction
Published	07/30/2024	Example of an enzyme w/ absolute specificity
Published	07/30/2024	the enzyme will act only on molecules that have a specific functional group, such as hydroxyl, amino, or phosphate groups
Published	07/30/2024	Carboxypeptidase specificity
Published	07/30/2024	the enzyme will act on a particular type of chemical bond, irrespective of the rest of the molecular structure
Published	07/30/2024	Phosphatase specificity
Published	07/30/2024	the enzyme will act on a particular stereoisomer.
Published	07/30/2024	The specificity of an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of several different alcoholsis termeda. absolute specificityb. stereochemical specificityc.…
Published	07/30/2024	Linkage-specific enzymes will act on a particular type ofa. chemical bondb. functional groupc. stereoisomer (d- or l-)d. no correct response
Published	07/30/2024	measure of the rate at which an enzyme converts substrate to products in a biochemical reaction
Published	07/30/2024	temperature at which an enzyme exhibits maximum activity
Published	07/30/2024	Optimum temp for human enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	Shape of reaction rate x temp graph
Published	07/30/2024	the pH at which an enzyme exhibits maximum activity
Published	07/30/2024	Optimum pH of Pepsin
Published	07/30/2024	Optimum pH of Trypsin
Published	07/30/2024	Shape of reaction rate x pH graph
Published	07/30/2024	Present on the surface of the H. pylori is the enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	number of substrate molecules transformed per minute by one molecule of enzyme under optimum conditions of temperature, pH, and saturation.
Published	07/30/2024	Shape of reaction rate x Substrate Concentration graph
Published	07/30/2024	Ratio of enzymes to substrates
Published	07/30/2024	Shape of reaction rate x Enzyme Concentration graph
Published	07/30/2024	The number of substrate molecules converted to product per minute is a measure ofa. enzyme activityb. enzyme concentrationc. enzyme specificityd. no c…
Published	07/30/2024	A plot of enzyme activity (y-axis) versus pH (x-axis) with other variables constant is aa. straight line with an upward slopeb. line with an upward sl…
Published	07/30/2024	A plot of enzyme activity (y-axis) versus temperature (x-axis) with other variablesconstantis aa. straight line with an upward slopeb. line with an up…
Published	07/30/2024	a microorganism that thrives in extreme environments, environments in which humans and most other forms of life could not survive
Published	07/30/2024	microbial enzyme active at conditions that would inactivate human enzymes as well as enzymes present in other types of higher organisms
Published	07/30/2024	Extremozyme presence is not possible in which of the following environments?a. low-temperature Antarctica environmentsb. human intestinal tractc. Yell…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following pairings of extremozyme subtype and survival conditions isincorrect?a. acidophiles–optimal growth at low pHb. hyperthermophiles…
Published	07/30/2024	substance that slows or stops the normal catalytic function of an enzyme by binding to it
Published	07/30/2024	molecule that sufficiently resembles an enzyme substrate in shape and charge distribution that it can compete with the substrate for occupancy of the …
Published	07/30/2024	What happens to the competitive inhibitor when is binds to the enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	The formation of an enzyme–competitive inhibitor complex is a reversible processbecause it is maintained by
Published	07/30/2024	Competitive inhibition can be reduced by simply
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::antihistamines}} are {{c2::competitive inhibitors}} of {{c3::histidine decarboxylation}}
Published	07/30/2024	molecule that decreases enzyme activity by binding to a site on an enzyme other than the active site
Published	07/30/2024	Examples of noncompetitive inhibitors
Published	07/30/2024	There do heavy metal ions Pb2+, Ag+, and Hg2+ bind to
Published	07/30/2024	molecule that inactivates enzymes by forming a strong covalent bond to an amino acid side-chain group at the enzyme’s active site
Published	07/30/2024	The actions of chemical warfare agents (nerve gases) and organophosphateinsecticides are based on {{c1::irreversible}} inhibition
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning a reversible competitive inhibitor isincorrect?a. resembles the substrate in shapeb. binds at a site othe…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning an irreversible enzyme inhibitor is incorrect?a. forms a strong covalent bond to the active siteb. perman…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following binds to an enzyme at a location other than the active site?a. irreversible inhibitorb. reversible competitive inhibitorc. reve…
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme with two or more protein chains (quaternary structure) and two kinds of binding sites (substrate and regulator)
Published	07/30/2024	increases enzyme activity
Published	07/30/2024	decreases enzyme activity
Published	07/30/2024	process in which activation or inhibition of the first reaction in a reaction sequence is controlled by a product of the reaction sequence.
Published	07/30/2024	an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking of peptide bonds that maintain the primary structure of a protein
Published	07/30/2024	control mechanism of proteolytic enzymes
Published	07/30/2024	inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	Activation involves removing a peptide fragment
Published	07/30/2024	process in which enzyme activity is altered by covalently modifying the structure of the enzyme through attachment of a chemical group to or removal o…
Published	07/30/2024	most commonly encountered type of covalent modification
Published	07/30/2024	effect the addition of phosphate groups
Published	07/30/2024	catalyze removal of the phosphate groups
Published	07/30/2024	process of addition of the phosphate group to the enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	process of removal of the phosphate group to the enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	Usually, the phosphate group is added to (or removed from) the R group of a {{c1::serine}}, {{c1::tyrosine}}, or {{c1::threonine}} amino acid residue …
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme involved in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, is activated by the addition of a phosphate group
Published	07/30/2024	an enzyme involved in the synthesis of glycogen, is deactivated by phosphorylation.
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following is an incorrect characterization for an allosteric enzyme?a. possesses quaternary structureb. substrate and regulator compete f…
Published	07/30/2024	Enzyme activity regulation that involves a reaction sequence product inhibiting anenzyme in an earlier step in the reaction sequence is calleda. negat…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements applies to a zymogen?a. inactive precursor of a proteolytic enzymeb. active form of a proteolytic enzymec. substance…
Published	07/30/2024	How many AAs are there in Angiotensin
Published	07/30/2024	How many AAs are there in Angiotensinogen
Published	07/30/2024	Zymogen of angiotensin
Published	07/30/2024	2 AAs cleaved from angiotensinogen into angiotensin
Published	07/30/2024	lisinopril component AAs
Published	07/30/2024	Is lisinopril metabolized in the liver
Published	07/30/2024	Where was lisinopril first obtained
Published	07/30/2024	substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sulfanilamide}} inhibits bacterial growth because it is structurally similar to {{c2::PABA (p-aminobenzoic acid)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Many bacteria need {{c1::PABA}} in order to produce an important coenzyme, {{c2::folic acid.}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Sulfanilamide}} acts as a {{c1::competitive}} inhibitor to enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway for converting {{c3::PABA}} into {{c4::folic acid…
Published	07/30/2024	Are humans affected by sulfa drug activity
Published	07/30/2024	enzyme that catalyzes the formation of peptide cross-links between polysaccharide strands in bacterial cell walls
Published	07/30/2024	Penicillins inhibit {{c1::transpeptidase::Enzyme}} at its {{c2::Serine::AA}} residue
Published	07/30/2024	Penicillin is what type of enzyme
Published	07/30/2024	All have structures of {{c2::penicillin}} contain a {{c1::four-membered b-lactam ring}}
Published	07/30/2024	Some bacteria produce the enzyme {{c1::penicillinase}}, which protects them from {{c2::penicillin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Penicillinase selectively binds penicillin and catalyzes the {{c1::opening of the b-lactam ring}} before penicillin can form a covalent bond to t…
Published	07/30/2024	Liver enzymes known as {{c1::cytochrome P450s}} are involved in the processes by which many prescription medications are metabolized in the body.
Published	07/30/2024	Inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme by the medication lisinopril is useful fora. treating moderately high blood pressureb. reducing inflammati…
Published	07/30/2024	Inhibition of the enzyme transpeptidase is the mode of action fora. all antibioticsb. sulfa drugsc. penicillinsd. no correct response
Published	07/30/2024	The blood levels of three enzymes are commonly assayed in heart attack situations:
Published	07/30/2024	concentration of {{c1::lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)}} in blood can be indirectly determined by adding {{c2::pyruvic acid}} to the sample of blood …
Published	07/30/2024	Condition Indicated by Abnormal Level of enzymes in heart disease, liver disease
Published	07/30/2024	Condition Indicated by Abnormal Level of enzymes in heart disease
Published	07/30/2024	Condition Indicated by Abnormal Level of enzymes in heart disease, liver disease, muscle damage
Published	07/30/2024	Condition Indicated by Abnormal Level of enzymes in bone disease, liver disease
Published	07/30/2024	activates the enzyme plasminogen. When so activated, this enzyme dissolves blood clots in the heart and often provides immediate relief.
Published	07/30/2024	Indirect test for measuring urea in the blood
Published	07/30/2024	Measurement of blood levels for the enzymes LDH, CPK, and AST is useful in determininga. extent of heart muscle damage in heart attacksb. the location…
Published	07/30/2024	Use of the enzyme tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) is useful ina. assessing heart muscle damage in heart attacksb. dissolving blood clotsc. determin…
Published	07/30/2024	organic compound, essential in small amounts for the proper functioning of the human body, that must be obtained from dietary sources because the body…
Published	07/30/2024	Amounts required for vitamins
Published	07/30/2024	Number of water-soluble vitamins
Published	07/30/2024	Number of fat-soluble vitamins
Published	07/30/2024	Which type of vitamin is needed only in periodic doses
Published	07/30/2024	important difference exists, in terms of function, between water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
Published	07/30/2024	Absorption of Water-soluble vitamins
Published	07/30/2024	Absorption of Fat-soluble vitamins
Published	07/30/2024	Transport of water-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	Transport of fat-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	Storage of water-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	Storage of fat-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	excretion of water-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	excretion of fat-soluble vits
Published	07/30/2024	The number of known vitamins isa. 10b. 13c. 15d. no correct answer
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following statements concerning the known vitamins is correct?a. Some are inorganic compounds and others are organic compounds.b. Some, b…
Published	07/30/2024	Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin?a. Vitamin Ab. Vitamin Cc. Vitamin Dd. no correct response
Published	07/30/2024	2 active forms of Vit C
Published	07/30/2024	This simple compound can be made from glucose derivatives by all plants and most animals. However, human beings, primates, fruit bats, and guinea pigs…
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin C’s biosynthesis involves {{c1::l-gulonic acid}}, an acid derivative of the {{c2::monosaccharide l-gulose}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::l-Gulonic acid}} is changed by the enzyme {{c1::lactonase}} into a cyclic ester; ring closure involves carbons {{c2::1}} and {{c2::4}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of acid of vit c
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin C is a cyclic ester in which the carbon {{c1::1}} carboxyl group has reacted with a carbon {{c2::4}} hydroxyl group, forming the ring structur…
Published	07/30/2024	Which hydroxyl group on ascorbic acid was acidic
Published	07/30/2024	In human beings, an intake of {{c1::100 mg/day}} of vitamin C saturates all body tissues with the compound.
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Vit C in collagen synthesis
Published	07/30/2024	Role of Vit C as General Antioxidant
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