Notes in 24 Brain

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Published	12/13/2023	What bedside test is used to evaluate the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)?{{c1::Lingual speech sounds}}
Published	12/13/2023	75% of parasympathetic activity comes from the {{c1::vagus}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The five branches of the facial nerve can be memorized with the mnemonic:{{c1::Two Zebras Bit My Cow}}
Published	12/13/2023	Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released by neurons in the {{c1::motor cortex}} and {{c2::basal ganglia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Dopamine::neurotransmitter}} is secreted by nerves originating in the {{c2::basal ganglia}} and {{c3::substantia nigra}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Which cranial nerves originate in the midbrain? {{c1::III, IV}}
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::diencephalon}} is composed of the {{c2::hypothalamus}} and the {{c2::thalamus}}
Published	12/13/2023	The vertebral arteries join at the level of the {{c1::pons}} to form the {{c2::basilar}} artery.
Published	12/13/2023	The four components of the Circle of Willis are:{{c1::1. Anterior cerebral arteries (2)2. Anterior communicating artery (1)3. Posterior cerebral arter…
Published	12/13/2023	What three parts of the brain are not covered by the blood brain barrier?{{c1::Hypothalamus}}{{c1::Pineal gland}}{{c1::Area postrema (chemorecept…
Published	12/13/2023	Compared to plasma, CSF has {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} potassium levels.
Published	12/13/2023	Compared to plasma, CSF has {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} glucose levels.
Published	12/13/2023	CSF has a specific gravity of {{c1::1.005}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Most neurons in the CNS are {{c1::multi}}polar.
Published	12/13/2023	Neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and cranial ganglion are {{c1::pseudouni}}polar.
Published	12/13/2023	Neurons of the retina and eye are {{c1::bi}}polar.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Ependymal}} cells form the choroid plexus.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Wernicke's}} area is responsible for {{c2::understanding}} of speech.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Broca's}} area is responsible for {{c2::motor control}} of speech.
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the brain is responsible for memory and learning?{{c1::Hippocampus}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the brain is responsible for cognition, sensation, and movement?{{c1::Cerebral cortex}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the brain is responsible for emotion, appetite, and pain/stress response?{{c1::Amygdala}}
Published	12/13/2023	What part of the brain is responsible for fine control of movement?{{c1::Basal ganglia}}
Published	12/13/2023	What division of the cerebellum is responsible for maintaining equilibrium?{{c1::Archeocerebellum}}
Published	12/13/2023	What division of the cerebellum is responsible for regulating muscle tone?{{c1::Paleocerebellum}}
Published	12/13/2023	What division of the cerebellum is responsible for coordinating voluntary muscle movement?{{c1::Neocerebellum}}
Published	12/13/2023	What complication from cardiac surgery can lead to an occlusion of the central retinal artery?{{c1::Embolism}}
Published	12/13/2023	Fundoscopic examination of a patient with central retinal artery occlusion reveals a {{c1::"cherry-red"}} macula.
Published	12/13/2023	Ocular perfusion pressure = {{c1::MAP}} - {{c1::Intraocular pressure}}
Published	12/13/2023	What mnemonic is used to memorize the cranial nerve functions (sensory, motor, or both)?{{c1::Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matt…
Published	12/13/2023	Insepection of the vagus nerve is done by asking the patient to {{c1::swallow}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What bedside test is used to evaluate CN XI (spinal accessory)?{{c1::Shoulder shrug}}
Published	12/13/2023	The only cranial nerve surrounded by dura is the {{c1::optic}} nerve.
Published	12/13/2023	The blood-brain barrier is poorly developed in {{c1::neonates (up to 1 year)::what age}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Compared to plasma, CSF has almost no {{c1::protein}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What portion of the brainstem contains auditory and visual tracts?{{c1::Midbrain}}
Published	12/13/2023	What position places a patient at higher risk for ischemic optic neuropathy?{{c1::Prone}}
Published	12/13/2023	What gender is associated with a higher risk for ischemic optic neuropathy?{{c1::Male}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Internal carotid}} artery → {{c2::ophthalmic}} artery → {{c3::central retinal}} artery
Published	12/13/2023	Is cerebral blood flow higher is cortical or subcortical areas?{{c1::Cortical}}
Published	12/13/2023	What cerebral blood flow is associated with evidence of ischemia?{{c1::~20 mL/100g tissue/min}}
Published	12/13/2023	What cerebral blood flow is associated with complete cortical suppression?{{c1::~15 mL/100g tissue/min}}
Published	12/13/2023	What cerebral blood flow is associated with membrane failure & cell death?{{c1::< 15 mL/100g tissue/min}}
Published	12/13/2023	CMRO2 decreases by {{c1::7}}% for every 1°C decrease in temperature.
Published	12/13/2023	EEG suppression occurs ~{{c1::20}}°C.
Published	12/13/2023	How does severe hyperthermia (> 42°C) affect cerebral blood flow?{{c1::Decreases}}
Published	12/13/2023	Above the upper limit of autoregulation, the cerebral vessels are maximally {{c1::constricted}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Below the lower limit of autoregulation, the cerebral vessels are maximally {{c1::dilated}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What MAP is required to maintain a cerebral autoregulation?{{c1::55+}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do increases in the venous pressure affect intracranial pressure?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does respiratory acidosis affect cerebral blood flow?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does respiratory alkalosis affect cerebral blood flow?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	When do PaO2 levels affect cerebral blood flow?{{c1::PaO2  < 50 mmHg → dilation of cerebral blood vessels}}
Published	12/13/2023	ICP monitoring is indicated in patients with a GCS < {{c1::7}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What mechanism prevents ICP increase with small increases in brain/blood volume?{{c1::CSF shunting into spinal canal}}
Published	12/13/2023	Transcalvarial herniation involves displacement of the brain through a {{c1::surgical/trauma site}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The most common site of transtentorial herniation is at the {{c1::temporal uncus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hyper}}ventilation is effective in decreasing the ICP for < {{c1::24}} hours.
Published	12/13/2023	How does propofol affect cerebral blood flow?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How should patients with intracranial hypertension be positioned?{{c1::HOB > 30°}}
Published	12/13/2023	Excessive neck flexion can increase ICP by compressing the {{c1::jugular veins}}.
Published	12/13/2023	How does the Trendelenburg position affect ICP?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	How does increased intrathoracic pressure (e.g. PEEP, coughing) affect ICP?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Mannitol}} can cause {{c2::cerebral edema}} in patients with a disrupted blood-brain-barrier.
Published	12/13/2023	Can steroids be used for traumatic brain injury?{{c1::No - spinal cord injury only}}
Published	12/13/2023	Venous blood from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum drain via the {{c1::Superior sagittal sinus}} and the {{c2::dural sinuses}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Venous blood from the {{c1::basal}} brain structures drain into the straight sinuses.
Published	12/13/2023	How does hyperthermia affect CMRO2 (cerebral metabolic rate)?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Arterial}} bleeding usually occurs in the {{c1::subarachnoid}} space.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Venous}} bleeding usually occurs in the {{c1::subdural}} space.
Published	12/13/2023	Transmural pressure = {{c1::MAP}} - {{c2::ICP}}
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::decrease}} in the ICP may precipitate rupture of a cerebral aneurysm.
Published	12/13/2023	A {{c1::increase}} in the MAP may precipitate rupture of a cerebral aneurysm.
Published	12/13/2023	Subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with {{c1::obstructive}} hydrocephalus.
Published	12/13/2023	What intervention maintains blood flow in ischemic areas of the brain?{{c1::Hypertension}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the goal intraoperative systolic blood pressure in a patient undergoing surgery for cerebral aneurysm (e.g. endovascular coiling, cl…
Published	12/13/2023	The most common cause of cerebral salt-wasting syndrome is {{c1::hyponatremia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What imaging is used to evaluate symptomatic (e.g. headache, N/V, seizures) head trauma?{{c1::CT}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for someone who withdraws to painful stimuli? {{c1::4}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given abnormal flexion in response to painful stimuli? {{c1::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given extension in response to painful stimuli? {{c1::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for localization in response to painful stimuli? {{c1::5}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for eye opening in response to speech? {{c1::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for eye opening in response to painful stimuli? {{c1::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for confused conversation? {{c1::4}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for inappropriate words? {{c1::3}}
Published	12/13/2023	On the GCS, how many points are given for incomprehensible sounds? {{c1::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	Warfarin can be reversed with recombinant {{c1::factor VIIa}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the reversal agent for patients on antiplatelet therapy (e.g. clopidogrel, aspirin)?{{c1::Platelet transfusions}}
Published	12/13/2023	What inhaled anesthetic should be avoided in trauma patients?{{c1::Nitrous oxide}}
Published	12/13/2023	The progression of a seizure from partial to generalized is called a {{c1::Jacksonian march}}.
Published	12/13/2023	How do seizures affect O2 consumption (in the brain and body)?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	12/13/2023	Implantation of a {{c1::vagal nerve stimulator}} can be done to treat recurrent grand mal seizures.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of seizures are characterized by a loss of postural tone?{{c1::Akinetic seizures}}
Published	12/13/2023	How do seizures present under general anesthesia?{{c1::Tachycardia::HR}}{{c1::Hypertension::BP}}{{c1::Increased EtCO2::EtCO2}}
Published	12/13/2023	Rapid administration of phenytoin (> 50 mg/min) can cause {{c1::dysrhythmias}} and {{c1::hypotension}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What syndrome is caused by extravasation or arterial injection of phenytoin?{{c1::Purple glove syndrome}}
Published	12/13/2023	What anti-epileptics are associated with thrombocytopenia?{{c1::Valproic acid}}{{c2::Carbamazepine}}
Published	12/13/2023	How is gabapentin metabolized and excreted?{{c1::Excreted unchanged via kidneys}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which halogenated anesthetics increase β amyloid production (Alzheimer's)?{{c1::Halothane and isoflurane::2}}
Published	12/13/2023	In Parkinson's disease, the {{c1::corticospinal}} motor system is suppressed.
Published	12/13/2023	In Parkinson's disease, the {{c1::extrapyramidal}} motor system is overactive.
Published	12/13/2023	Welders are at increased risk for Parkinson's disease due to exposure to {{c1::manganese}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Common side effects of levodopa-carbidopa include nausea, vomiting, and {{c1::dyskinesia}}.
Published	12/13/2023	COMT {{c1::inhibitors}} can be used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Anticholinergic}} drugs (e.g. benztropine) can be used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Dopamine}} agonists (e.g. bromocriptine) can be used to treat Parkinson's disease.
Published	12/13/2023	What opioid may exacerbate symptoms of Parkinson's disease?{{c1::Alfentanil}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which neuromuscular blockers are contraindicated in patients with Parkinson's disease?{{c1::None}}
Published	12/13/2023	When placing electrodes for deep brain stimulation, the intraoperative SBP should be < {{c1::140}} mmHg.
Status	Last Update	Fields