Notes in 01 Injury Response & Metabolic Support - Unfinished

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Published	07/30/2024	Major insults to the body may result in PICS which stands for {{c1::Persistent inflammation, immunosuppression, and catabolism syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	Excess inflammation may lead to {{c1::disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)::coagulation disease}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cardinal Signs of Inflammation{{c1::Rubor or Erythema (Vasodilation)Calor or Heat (Vasodilation)Tumor or Swelling (Vascular Permeability)Dolor or Pain…
Published	07/30/2024	What is "Sterile" Systemic Inflammation{{c1::Systemic inflammation following trauma resulting from DAMPs that are produced as a consequence of tissue …
Published	07/30/2024	Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) Criteria{{c1::Two or more of the ff. criteria are met:≥38°C (100.4°F) (fever)≤36°C (96.8°F) (hypothermi…
Published	07/30/2024	Sepsis is {{c1::Infection + SIRS}}
Published	07/30/2024	Severe Sepsis is {{c1::Sepsis (Infection + SIRS) + Organ dysfunction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Septic Shock is {{c1::Sepsis (Infection + SIRS) + Cardiovascular collapse or requiring vasopressors}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::High-Mobility Group Protein B1 (HMGB1)::DAMP}} is released into the circulation within {{c1::30 minutes}} following trauma and is linked to sick…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Mitochondrial Proteins or Cell-free mtDNA (cf-mtDNA)::DAMP}} leads to inflammasome activation and activation of {{c1::stimulator interferon gene…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heat-Shock Proteins or Molecular Chaperones::DAMP}} maintain and monitor appropriate protein folding and elevated almost immediately post-i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins such as fibronectin::DAMP}} released in soluble form with proteolytic digestion of the ECM
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::S100 Proteins::DAMP}} are Calcium-binding proteins that participate in the regulation of intracellular calcium, cytoskeletal organization, prote…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)}} are the best characterized PRRs n mammalian cells and is the most prominent
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Soluble Pattern Recognition Molecules (PRMs)}} “Amplify” the inflammatory response by Complement activation, Agglutination and neutralization, O…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::C-reactive Protein (CRP)}} is a pentraxin that is the more important and representative PRM that is part of the acute-phase protein response and…
Published	07/30/2024	C-reactive protein (CRP) is produced in the {{c1::liver}} in response to IL-{{c1::6}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HPA axis and SNS}} are the two principal Neuroendocrine Pathways that regulate the inflammatory response
Published	07/30/2024	Cortisol has an {{c1::anti::anti/pro}}-inflammatory effect
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI)::Disease}} - Exaggerated PROinflammatory response + Blunted adrenocortical respons…
Published	07/30/2024	Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) Clinical FindingsTachycardia & HypotensionWeakness, Nausea, Vomiting, and Fever{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency (CIRCI) Diagnosis{{c1::change in baseline delta cortisol at 60 min of <9ug/dL after cosyntrop…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factors (MIFs)}} are proinflammatory cytokines produced by anterior pituitary gland, macrophages and T-lymphocyt…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::GH::Hormone}} Enhances the phagocytic activity of immunocytes through increased {{c2::lysosomal superoxide production}} and increases {{c2::T-ce…
Published	07/30/2024	Ghrelin has an {{c1::anti::anti/pro}}-inflammatory effect
Published	07/30/2024	IGF effect on metabolismLiver: {{c1::Protein synthesis and glycogenesis}}Adipose Tissue: {{c1::Glucose uptake and lipid utilization}}Skeletal Muscle: …
Published	07/30/2024	Epinephrine has an {{c1::BOTH ANTI AND PRO::anti/pro}}-inflammatory effect
Published	07/30/2024	Catecholamine effect on metabolism during inflammation{{c1::Insulin release is decreased to compound the resulting hyperglycemia which contributes to …
Published	07/30/2024	Aldosterone effect on metabolism during inflammation{{c1::Contributes to insulin resistance}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aldosterone effect on inflammation{{c1::Inhibits cytokine-mediated NF-KB activation in neutrophils}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Critical injury and illness2. Blood glucose{{c1::A. Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance}}
Published	07/30/2024	How does inflammation cause insulin resistance?{{c1::Phosphorylation of insulin receptors}}
Published	07/30/2024	Necroptosis is dependent on a signaling pathway involving {{c1::receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) complex}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)::Cytokine}} - among the earliest responders to injury that induces significant shock and catabolism
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-1::Cytokine}} - Induces fever through prostaglandin activity in the hypothalamus
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-10::Cytokine}} - Reduces mortality in animal sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-2::Cytokine}} - Promotes T lymphocyte proliferation, immunoglobulin production, gut barrier integrity
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-5::Cytokine}} - Promotes eosinophil proliferation and airway inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-8::Cytokine}} - Chemoattractant for neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-12::Cytokine}} - Promotes TH1 (helper T cell) differentiation; synergistic activity with IL-2
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-18::Cytokine}} - Similar to IL-12 in function; elevated in sepsis: gram-positive infections; elevated in cardiac deaths
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IFN-𝛄::Cytokine}} - Mediates IL-12 & IL-18 function; found in wounds 5-7 days after injury; promotes ARDS
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-4::Cytokine}} - Induces B-lymphocyte production of IgG and IgE: allergic and antihelminthic response Downregulates {{c2::TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-13::Cytokine}} - Promotes B-lymphocyte function; structurally similar to IL-4 and Inhibits nitric oxide and endothelial activation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::IL-15::Cytokine}} - Anti-inflammatory effect, Promotes lymphocyte activation and neutrophil phagocytosis in fungal infections
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Omega-6 linolenic (PUFA)::lipid}} is a major precursor of arachidonic acid
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PGE2::Eicosanoid}} - Suppresses macrophages and modulates chemokine production
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Leukotrienes::Eicosanoid}} - Capillary leakage, leukocyte adherence, neutrophil activation, broncho- and vasoconstriction
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Prostacyclin (PGI2)::Eicosanoid}} - Inhibits T helper cell immune responses
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thromboxane::Eicosanoid}} - Vasoconstrictor and promotes platelet aggregation
Published	07/30/2024	You can supply a px {{c1::Omega-3 fatty acids::lipid}} post-operatively to produce {{c1::resolvin}} which attenuates inflammatory immune cells
Published	07/30/2024	To maintain the basal metabolic needs, a normal healthy adult requires approx. {{c1::22 to 25}} kcal/kg/day drawn from carbohydrate, lipid, and protei…
Published	07/30/2024	Short-term fasting or Simple Starvation is fasting for {{c1::<5}} days
Published	07/30/2024	The primary sources of fuel in short-term fasting or simple starvation is {{c1::muscle protein and body fat}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal adult body has {{c1::300-400}}g of carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.
Status	Last Update	Fields