Notes in MtM VI (Metabolism and its control)

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Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Metabolism}} is defined as {{c1::all the chemical processes that occur in a living organism to maintain life}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Catabolic pathways}} are the {{c1::breakdown of complex molecules to smaller molecules and release of energy}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Anabolic pathways}} are the {{c1::building of complex molecules from simple molecules using energy from ATP}} .
Published	11/11/2024	A Mnemonic to remember intermediates is Mnemonic to remember TCA cyles intermediates is {{c1::Our City Is Kept Safe and Sound From Malice}}. (Skip if …
Published	11/11/2024	At the start of the TCA cycle, {{c1::Acetyl-CoA}} enters, combining with {{c1::oxaloacetate}} to form {{c1::citrate}}.
Published	11/11/2024	During the TCA cycle, {{c1::Citrate}} is {{c2::oxidised}} in a series of reactions, to produce {{c1::2 CO2}} molecules. The {{c2::oxidation}} is carri…
Published	11/11/2024	The overall products of 1 turn of the TCA cycle are: {{c1::3NADH}}, {{c1::1FADH2}}, {{c1::2CO2}} and {{c1::1GTP}}.
Published	11/11/2024	The {{c1::GTP}} molecule from the TCA cycle can transfer {{c3::1 phosphate group}} to {{c1::ADP}} forming {{c2::ATP}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::NAD+}} is derived from {{c2::Vitamin B3}}, it acts as a {{c2::coenzyme}}. Oxidation of a single {{c1::NADH}} molecule generates {{c2::2.5 ATP}} …
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::FAD}} is {{c2::a prosthetic group}} that is {{c2::covalently bonded}} to {{c2::succinate dehydrogenase enzyme}} which is bound to the {{c2::inne…
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Published	11/11/2024	The order of the TCA cycle is: {{c1::Oxaloacetate (4)}}, {{c1::Citrate (6)}}, {{c1::Isocitrate (6)}}, {{c1::α-Ketogluterate (5)}}, {{c1::Succinyl…
Published	11/11/2024	a-ketoglutarate used to form {{c1::glutamate and other amino acids}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Oxaloacetate is used to form {{c1::aspartate}}, other {{c1::amino acids}}, and {{c1::pyrimidines}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Acetyl-CoA used in the formation of {{c1::glycolipids}} and {{c1::glycoproteins}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Anaplerotic reactions}} are those which {{c2::regenerate some of the glycolysis and TCA cycle intermediates}} which have been used up in such me…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Oxidative phosphorylation}} is the {{c2::oxidation}} of {{c2::NADH}} and {{c2::FADH2}} and using the {{c2::high-energy electron pairs and hydrog…
Published	11/11/2024	There are {{c1::5}} complexes of membrane proteins present in the inner mitochondrial membrane (which are {{c1::I, II, III, IV and ATP synthase}}).
Published	11/11/2024	At the start of oxidative phosphorylation, {{c1::NADH +}} donates an {{c2::electron}} and {{c2::proton (H+) pair}} to Complex {{c2::I}}, reforming {{c…
Published	11/11/2024	During oxidative phosphorylation, {{c1::coenzyme Q}} transfers electrons from complexes {{c2::I}} and {{c2::II}} to complex {{c2::III}} and {{c1::cyto…
Published	11/11/2024	In oxidative phoshorylation, Complexes {{c2::I}} and {{c2::III}} pump {{c1::4H+}} each.
Published	11/11/2024	In oxidative phoshorylation, complex {{c1::IV}} pumps {{c2::2H+}} ions.
Published	11/11/2024	In oxidative phoshorylation, as electrons are being transferred, energy is released which is used to actively pump {{c1::H+ ions}} from the {{c1::matr…
Published	11/11/2024	The fifth complex in the cristae, {{c1::ATP synthase}}, allows the {{c1::protons (H+)}} to travel down their concentration gradient and enter the {{c1…
Published	11/11/2024	Examples of complex {{c2::I}} inhibitors is {{c1::Rotenone}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Examples of complex {{c2::III}} inhibitors is {{c1::Antimycin C}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Examples of complex {{c2::IV}} inhibitors is {{c1::Carbon monoxide}} and {{c1::Cyanide}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Examples of complex {{c2::V}} inhibitors is {{c1::Oligomycin}}.
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Published	11/11/2024	In brown fat tissue, the inner mitochondrial membrane is highly permeable to {{c1::H+}} and {{c1::H+ ions}} can simply {{c1::diffuse back into the mat…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Substrate level phosphorylation}} is where {{c1::Pi}} can be added to an {{c1::ADP}} molecule to form {{c1::ATP}}. For example, {{c1::phosp…
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