Notes in 03 Viruses and Antivirals

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	06/04/2024	What is the most common etiology of Mononucleosis?{{c1::EBV}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Mononucleosis}} is a complication of EBV infection that presents with fever, hepatosplenomegaly, pharyngitis and lymphadenopathy
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Mononucleosis}} is a disease caused by EBV that is also commonly referred to as "kissing disease" as it is often seen in teens and young adults
Published	06/04/2024	Where is EBV latent?{{c1::B cells}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which receptor does EBV use to enter B cells?{{c1::CD21 (C3d; CR2)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus is associated with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma?{{c1::EBV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus causes Mononucleosis with a negative Monospot test?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus is associated with causing retinitis in immunocompromised patients?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus is associated with characteristic Owl's Eye inclusions in infected cells?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is a Herpesvirus that is latent in mononuclear cells
Published	06/04/2024	Which serological antigen from EBV is produced if the infection is active and productive?{{c1::Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which serological antigen from EBV is seen in latent infection?{{c1::Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Epstein-Barr Nuclear Antigen (EBNA)}} is a serological antigen from EBV that contributes to Hodgkin's or Burkitt's Lymphoma
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is a Herpesvirus that causes retinitis in HIV patients that presents with cotton-wool spots on funduscopy
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Esophagitis}} and {{c2::Colitis}} are GI complications that are often seen alongside CMV Retinitis in immunosuppressed patients
Published	06/04/2024	What CD4+ cell count is associated with CMV retinitis in HIV patients?{{c1::< 50 cells/mm3}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Primary B-cell CNS Lymphoma}} is a Lymphoma often associated with EBV that can present as focal/solitary lesions, thereby differentiating it fro…
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is a Herpesvirus that causes interstitial pneumonia in HIV patients
Published	06/04/2024	How is CMV transmitted?{{c1::Sexual contact}}; {{c2::Organ transplant}}; {{c3::Vertically through placenta}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Rubella}}, Toxoplasma, and {{c2::CMV}} are 3 ToRCHeS infections that are associated with a "blueberry muffin" rash
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is a ToRCHeS infection that presents with hearing loss, seizures, petechial rash and a "blueberry muffin" rash
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus is associated with infecting an organ transplant recipient?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which viral enzyme monophosphorylates Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir, thereby activating it?{{c1::Thymidine kinase}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the mechanism of resistance to Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir?{{c1::Mutated/Absent Thymidine Kinase}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Foscarnet}} is an antiviral agent that acts as a viral {{c3::DNA polymerase}} inhibitor by binding to the {{c2::pyrophosphate}}-binding site of …
Published	06/04/2024	What is the MOA of Cidofovir?{{c1::Preferential direct inhibition of viral DNA polymerase}}
Published	06/04/2024	What vascular tumor is associated with HHV-8 and HIV? {{c1::Kaposi sarcoma}}
Published	06/04/2024	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) is a(n) {{c1::icosahedral::icosahedral or helical}} {{c4::linear::circular or linear}} {{c2::enveloped::enveloped or naked}…
Published	06/04/2024	Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) replicates in the {{c1::nucleus::cytoplasm or nucleus}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cowdry bodies are located in the {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c3::Cowdry bodies}} are {{c2::eosino}}-philic nuclear inclusions found in cells infected with organisms within the {{c1::herpesviridae}} family
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Vertical}} transmission is the passage of a pathogen from mother to baby during the period immediately before and after birth
Published	06/04/2024	Herpes virus can be transmitted via saliva, sex and vertically through the {{c1::placenta}}
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-{{c1::1}} is usually confined to the upper half of the body
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-{{c1::2}} is usually confined to the lower half of the body
Published	06/04/2024	{{c2::Gingivostomatitis}} of the mouth is the first sign of HSV-1
Published	06/04/2024	After primary infection, stress can reactivate HSV-1, which can result in {{c2::herpes labialis (cold sores)}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c2::Keratoconjunctivitis}} of the cornea is a complication of {{c1::HSV-1::what viral infection}}
Published	06/04/2024	"{{c1::Serpiginous}}" or "{{c4::Dendritic}}" corneal ulcers are seen in {{c5::Fluorescein::stain}} {{c3::slit lamp}} exam of {{c2::Keratoconjunctiviti…
Published	06/04/2024	{{c3::HSV-1::What virus}} is associated with {{c2::temporal}} lobe {{c1::encephalitis}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the most common cause of sporadic encephalitis in the United States?{{c1::HSV-1}}
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-1 induced temporal lobe encephalitis can present as seizures, aphasia and {{c1::altered mental status}}
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-1 remains latent in the {{c2::trigeminal}} ganglion
Published	06/04/2024	The Herpes rash is said to have a "{{c1::dew drops on a rose petal}}" appearance
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Herpetic whitlow}} is a painful hand vesicle that occurs when the skin comes in contact with HSV-1 or HSV-2 (common in {{c2::dentists}})
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} may appear 1-2 weeks after Herpes Simplex Virus infection
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Erythema multiforme}} are a result of HSV infection and appear as a "target lesion" with a pink-red ring around a pale center
Published	06/04/2024	Painful {{c1::inguinal}} lymphadenopathy is classically associated with HSV-{{c2::2}}
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-2 remains latent in the {{c2::sacral}} ganglion
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::HSV-2}} commonly causes herpes genitalis
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-{{c1::2}} commonly causes neonatal herpes
Published	06/04/2024	HSV-{{c1::2}} can cause aseptic {{c2::meningitis}} in {{c3::adolescents and adults::what two demographics}}
Published	06/04/2024	A(n) {{c2::Tzanck}} smear showing {{c3::multinucleated giant}} cells is characteristic of Herpes Simplex Virus infections
Published	06/04/2024	What drugs are used to prevent breakouts of Herpes Simplex Virus?{{c1::Acyclovir; Valacyclovir::2}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::PCR}} is the gold standard used in the diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is part of the {{c1::herpesviridae}} family
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c4::icosahedral::helical or icosahedral}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c3::enveloped::naked or enveloped}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is {{c2::linear::circular or linear}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is a(n) {{c1::dsD}}NA virus
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}} causes monospot positive infectious mononucleosis
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is primarily transmitted through {{c1::saliva}} or respiratory secretions
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with fever, {{c1::post}}-erior {{c1::cervical}} lymphadenopathy, {{c2::pharyngitis}}, and hepatosplenomegaly
Published	06/04/2024	{{c3::Epstein-Barr}} Virus is associated with {{c2::Downey type II atypical CD8+ cytotoxic T::very specific}} cells on blood smear
Published	06/04/2024	Atypical (Downey type II) T cells are unusually large T cells with {{c1::baso}}-philic, vacuolated cytoplasm and lobulated {{c1::nucleus}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus first infects the {{c1::oropharynx}} epithelium
Published	06/04/2024	T-cell proliferation in Epstein-Barr Virus results in {{c1::(hepato)splenomegaly}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus remains latent in {{c1::B-cells}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr virus binds to {{c1::CD21 (C3d receptor; CR2)}} on B-cells, causing B-cell proliferation and {{c2::heterophile antibody}} production
Published	06/04/2024	The B-cell CD21 is the receptor for complement protein {{c1::C3d}}
Published	06/04/2024	Because of splenomegaly, patients with {{c2::mononucleosis (EBV)}} are advised to avoid contact sports (e.g. football) for danger of splenic {{c1::rup…
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Epstein-Barr}} Virus can result in pharyngitis with tonsillar exudates
Published	06/04/2024	Which cause of pharyngitis is more commonly seen in children and adolescents?{{c1::Strep pyogenes (GAS)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which cause of pharyngitis is more commonly seen in late teens and adults?{{c1::EBV (infectious mononucleosis)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is strongly associated with the {{c2::mixed cellularity}} and {{c3::lymphocyte depleted}} subtypes of {{c1::Hodgkin’s lymphoma}}
Published	06/04/2024	Hodgkin's lymphoma {{c1::mixed cellularity}} type has the most Reed-Sternberg cells
Published	06/04/2024	Hodgkin's lymphoma caused by EBV presents as a(n) {{c1::mediastinal}} mass or {{c2::nontender::tender or nontender}} lymphadenopathy
Published	06/04/2024	Epstein-Barr Virus is associated with the {{c1::endemic (African)}} form of Burkitt’s lymphoma
Published	06/04/2024	Which form of Burkitt's lymphoma presents as an abdominal mass?{{c1::Non-endemic (sporadic form)}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Nasopharyngeal}} carcinoma is a complication of {{c2::Epstein-Barr}} Virus in patients of Asian descent
Published	06/04/2024	What demographic is associated with Nasopharyngeal carcinoma that arises from EBV?{{c1::Asians}}
Published	06/04/2024	What virus causes agglutination of sheep or horse RBCs?{{c1::Epstein-Barr Virus}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is part of the {{c1::herpesviridae}} family
Published	06/04/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is {{c4::icosahedral::helical or icosahedral}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is {{c3::enveloped::naked or enveloped}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is {{c2::linear::circular or linear}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a(n) {{c1::dsD}}NA virus
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus remains latent in B & T cells (lymphocytes) and macrophages?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Reactivation of CMV from mononuclear cells occurs via {{c1::immunosuppression (organ transplant, AIDS patients)}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is the most common congenital infection (developed world)
Published	06/04/2024	The blueberry muffin rash of CMV and Rubella is due to dermal {{c1::erythropoiesis}}
Published	06/04/2024	CMV in newborns can present with blueberry muffin rash, {{c1::hepatosplenomegaly}} and {{c2::jaundice}}
Published	06/04/2024	Sensorineural deafness is a complication of which congenital (ToRCHeS) infections?{{c1::CMV; Rubella; Toxoplasmosis; Syphilis::4}}
Published	06/04/2024	Severe, permanent symptoms of congenital {{c1::CMV}} infection are remembered via the mnemonic {{c2::MR DICS}}
Published	06/04/2024	Severe, permanent symptoms of congenital CMV infection are remembered via the mnemonic MR DICS- M: {{c3::Microcephaly}}- R: {…
Published	06/04/2024	CMV can result in {{c1::ventriculo}}-megaly on head CT scans
Published	06/04/2024	Changes in brain structure associated with CMV can result in mental retardation and {{c1::seizures}}
Published	06/04/2024	What percentage of neonates congenitally infected with CMV are asymptomatic?{{c1::80-90%}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which trimester is associated with the highest risk of congenital CMV?{{c1::1st trimester*}}
Published	06/04/2024	CMV can result in {{c1::hydrops fetalis}}, which commonly leads to spontaneous abortion
Published	06/04/2024	What is the most common cause of viral-associated intellectual disability (in the US)?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::CMV}} is the most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss
Published	06/04/2024	Reactivation of CMV occurs in the immunosuppressed, such as {{c1::organ transplant}} and AIDS patients
Published	06/04/2024	Organ transplant patients are at an increased risk of CMV {{c1::pneumonia}}
Published	06/04/2024	How is CMV detected in organ transplant patients?{{c1::Buffy coat culture (WBCs)}}
Published	06/04/2024	AIDS patients are at risk for CMV infections when their CD4 count is {{c1::< 50}}
Published	06/04/2024	Cotton wool spots and a "pizza pie" description on funduscopy are characteristic of what viral infection complication?{{c1::CMV retinitis}}
Published	06/04/2024	Esophagitis with {{c1::linear}} ulcerations is characteristic of CMV
Published	06/04/2024	Esophagitis with {{c1::"punched-out"}} ulcerations is characteristic of HSV-1
Published	06/04/2024	CMV can present with inclusion bodies said to look like {{c1::"owl's eyes"}}
Published	06/04/2024	Treatment for CMV includes {{c1::Ganciclovir}}, Valganciclovir or Foscarnet/cidofovir
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Foscarnet}} or {{c1::cidofovir}} are used to treat ganciclovir-resistant CMV infections
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus infection can result in Cauda equina syndrome in HIV/AIDS patients?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	CMV infects white blood cells and blocks expression of {{c1::MHC I}}, inhibiting cytotoxic T-cell killing
Published	06/04/2024	Which Herpesvirus inhibits expression of MHC I in infected cells?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	What Herpesvirus can result in colitis with ulcerated walls?{{c1::CMV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which family of viruses does Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) belong to?{{c1::Herpesviridae family (HHV-3)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Does VZV have an envelope?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the cause of Chickenpox?{{c1::VZV (Varicella-Zoster)}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the etiology of Shingles?{{c1::VZV (Varicella-Zoster)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Nonspecific symptoms of Chickenpox caused by VZV include headache and {{c1::fever}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the route of transmission of VZV?{{c1::Respiratory droplets}}
Published	06/04/2024	The Chickenpox rash is said to have a "{{c1::dew drops on a rose}}" appearance
Published	06/04/2024	Which two viruses are said to have a "dew drops on a rose" appearance?{{c1::VZV, HSV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Lesions of Chickenpox (VZV) will be in {{c1::different}} stages of healing
Published	06/04/2024	What viruses can be diagnosed with a Tzanck smear?{{c1::VZV and HSV::2}}
Published	06/04/2024	A(n) {{c2::Tzanck}} smear showing {{c3::multinucleated giant}} cells is characteristic of Varicella Zoster Virus infections
Published	06/04/2024	Adults with chickenpox are at a greater risk of developing {{c1::pneumonia::respiratory complication}}
Published	06/04/2024	Adults with chickenpox are at a greater risk of developing {{c1::encephalitis::CNS complication}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which complication of chickenpox commonly affects the immunocompromised?{{c1::Encephalitis}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which type of vaccine is used for chickenpox?{{c1::Live, attenuated}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the drug of choice for chickenpox?{{c1::Acyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	Where does VZV remain latent?{{c1::DRG}}
Published	06/04/2024	Reactivation of VZV occurs with {{c1::stress}}, {{c1::aging}}, or an immunocompromised state
Published	06/04/2024	Which two demographics are commonly affected by Herpes Zoster (shingles)?{{c1::Elderly and Immunocompromised}}
Published	06/04/2024	Reactivation of VZV results in {{c1::herpes zoster (shingles)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Individuals who are {{c1::immunocompromised}} will have a herpes zoster (shingles) rash that crosses midline and should be tested for {{c1::HIV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Is the Herpes Zoster (shingles) rash painful?{{c1::Extremely!}}
Published	06/04/2024	Pain after the rash of Herpes Zoster (shingles) has cleared is known as {{c1::post-herpetic neuralgia}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which cranial nerve can be affected by VZV?{{c1::Trigeminal (CN V), specifically ophthalmic (V1) branch}}
Published	06/04/2024	What manifestation of Herpes Zoster (shingles) affects the Trigeminal nerve?{{c1::Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus}}
Published	06/04/2024	What type of vaccine is the Zoster vaccine?{{c1::Live, attenuated}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which demographic is the Shingrix vaccine recommended for?{{c1::Adults > 50}}
Published	06/04/2024	HIV patients with a CD4+ count {{c1::> 200}} may receive the Zoster (shingles) vaccine
Published	06/04/2024	What drugs can be used to treat Shingles (Herpes zoster)?{{c1::Famciclovir}}, {{c2::Valacyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	Does VZV display vertical transmission?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	06/04/2024	Congenital varicella syndrome occurs when a pregnant female contracts VZV within the {{c1::first or second}} trimester(s)
Published	06/04/2024	What complication can occur with VZV infection in pregnancy?{{c1::Congenital varicella syndrome}}
Published	06/04/2024	Congenital varicella syndrome can result in {{c1::limb hypoplasia::growth pathology}}
Published	06/04/2024	Congenital varicella syndrome can result in {{c1::dermatomal scarring::cutaneous pathology}}
Published	06/04/2024	Congenital varicella syndrome can result in {{c1::blindness::ocular pathology}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which type of virus is RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?{{c1::Paramyxovirus (negative sense RNA)}}
Published	06/04/2024	RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) is typically seen in children {{c1::< 6 months}} of age
Published	06/04/2024	RSV attaches to the {{c1::G protein}} in order to infect respiratory epithelial cells
Published	06/04/2024	What is the most common cause of pneumonia in infants?{{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?{{c1::Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}
Published	06/04/2024	RSV contains the virulence factor {{c1::F (fusion) protein}}, which allows the production of multinucleated giant cells
Published	06/04/2024	What is the treatment of RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) in adults?{{c1::Ribavirin}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is used for prevention of RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) in premature infants?{{c1::Palivizumab}}
Published	06/04/2024	Palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody against the {{c1::fusion (F) protein}} of RSV
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir, famciclovir and valacyclovir are all {{c1::guanosine}} analogs
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir, famciclovir, and valacyclovir are used to treat {{c1::active::active or latent}} {{c2::VZV}} and {{c2::HSV}} infections
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir is converted to acyclovir monophosphate by {{c1::thymidine kinase}} in {{c2::virus-infected}} cells
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir must be {{c1::phosphorylated three times::specific}} by intracellular enzymes to reach its activated nucleotide form
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir monophosphate is eventually converted to {{c1::acyclovir triphosphate}} by cellular kinases
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir triphosphate incorporates into replicating viral DNA, inhibiting {{c1::DNA-dependent DNA polymerase}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the rate-limiting step of Acyclovir activation?{{c1::Thymidine kinase phosphorylation to acyclovir monophosphate}}
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Virus}}-encoded thymidine-kinase phosphorylation is the rate determining activation step of Acyclovir
Published	06/04/2024	Lack of thymidine kinase to phosphorylate acyclovir explains why the drug is not effective in {{c1::CMV}} and {{c1::EBV}}
Published	06/04/2024	Absence of thymidine kinase confers resistance to {{c1::acyclovir}} in HSV
Published	06/04/2024	Which viral DNA-polymerase inhibitors do not require thymidine kinase to become active?{{c1::Cidofovir, Foscarnet}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the treatment of choice for multiple yearly episodes of HSV recurrence?{{c1::Once daily oral valacyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which acyclovir prodrug has improved oral bioavailability?{{c1::Valacyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the treatment of serious HSV and VZV infections?{{c1::IV acyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	What is the treatment of neonatal HSV infection?{{c1::IV acyclovir}}
Published	09/03/2024	What is the treatment of HSV encephalitis?{{c1::IV acyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	During active Shingles infection (herpes zoster), valacyclovir and famciclovir are most effective if given within {{c1::3 days}} of symptom onset
Published	06/04/2024	Prophylaxis of HSV with acyclovir is important in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients
Published	06/04/2024	Pregnant patients with recurrent genital herpes should receive prophylactic {{c1::acyclovir}}
Published	06/04/2024	Acyclovir can cause {{c2::interstitial nephritis}} and {{c1::crystalline nephropathy}} (renal side effects)
Published	06/04/2024	Renal complications of acyclovir can be avoided with {{c1::adequate hydration}}
Published	06/04/2024	Uncommon side-effects of acyclovir include {{c1::delirium}}, confusion, vertigo, and {{c1::hallucinations}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which family of viruses includes influenza?{{c1::Orthomyxoviridae}}
Published	06/04/2024	What type of viruses are orthomyxoviruses?{{c1::Negative sense RNA::DNA, RNA (sense), etc}}
Published	06/04/2024	Negative sense RNA viruses produce their own {{c1::RNA polymerase}} to transcribe into positive sense RNA
Published	06/04/2024	Most RNA viruses are {{c1::single}}-stranded
Published	06/04/2024	{{c1::Orthomyxovirus}} is the only negative RNA virus to replicate in the {{c2::nucleus}}
Published	06/04/2024	RNA viruses usually replicate in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	06/04/2024	Which RNA virus family is double-stranded?{{c1::Reoviridae}}
Published	06/04/2024	Are Orthomyxoviruses enveloped?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	06/04/2024	How many strains of influenza are there?{{c1::Three (A, B, C)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Orthomyxovirus has {{c1::8::#}} segments
Published	06/04/2024	The segmented virus families include bunyavirus, {{c1::orthomyxovirus}}, arenavirus, and reovirus
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic variation of influenza viruses occurs with changes to viral {{c1::hemagglutinin (HA)}} and {{c1::neuraminidase (NA)}}
Published	06/04/2024	Influenza viruses are named based on {{c1::HA}} and {{c1::NA}} types (e.g. H1N1)
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic variation can be due to antigenic {{c1::drift}} or antigenic {{c2::shift}}
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic {{c1::drift}} occurs when there are {{c2::point mutations}} in HA or NA
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic {{c1::drift}} explains why we need a flu shot each year
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic drift is associated with {{c2::epi}}-demics
Published	06/04/2024	Antigenic {{c1::shift}} occurs with HA/NA {{c2::reassortment}} amongst different {{c3::species}}
Status	Last Update	Fields