Notes in 02Carbohydrates

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Published	07/30/2024	Carbohydrates empiric formula: {{c1::(CH2O)n}}
Published	07/30/2024	Substance/s that follow the carbohydrate formula but is/aren't carbs:{{c1::Acetic acid (\(\ce{C2H4O2}\))Lactic acid (\(\ce{C3H6O3}\))}}
Published	07/30/2024	Substance/s that DON'T follow the carbohydrate formula but is/are carbs:{{c1::Rhamnose (\(\ce{C6H12O5}\))}}
Published	07/30/2024	Official requirements for a compound to be counted as a carbohydrate:{{c1::Polyhydroxylated compound with at least 3 CMay or may not have a carbonyl g…
Published	07/30/2024	Aldose sugar – contains {{c1::aldehyde::fg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ketose sugar – contains {{c1::ketone::fg}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a carb creates a 6-membered ring from ficher form, it's a {{c1::pyranose}}. This is caused by forming a hemiacetal with carbon {{c2::5}}
Published	07/30/2024	If a carb creates a 5-membered ring from ficher form, it's a {{c1::furanose}}. This is caused by forming a hemiacetal with carbon {{c2::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Mnemonic when converting fischer to cyclic on where to put OH groups{{c1::DR. LU. Down - Right; Left - Up}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oligosaccharides have {{c1::2-10}} saccharide groups
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Homo}}polysaccharide - Only one constituent sugar.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hetero}}polysaccharide - Composed of more than one type of saccharide
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Derived carbohydrates}} - Carbohydrates that have other functional groups than hydroxyl groups
Published	07/30/2024	Monosaccharides contain {{c1::3-7}} Carbon atoms
Published	07/30/2024	Simplest aldotriose: {{c1::Glyceraldehyde}}
Published	07/30/2024	Simplest ketotriose: {{c1::Dihydroxyacetone}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Dihydroxyacetone}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glyceraldehyde}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate the basic aldoses:{{c1::Allose, Altrose, Glucose, Mannose, Gluose, Idose, Galactose, Talose}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Allose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Altrose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glucose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mannose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Gulose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Idose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Galactose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Talose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	All monosaccharides contain {{c1::one or more}} asymmetric carbon except {{c2::dihydroxyacetone::cmpd}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Steroisomerism}} - Have the same functional groups and connectivity, but they differ only in the arrangement of atoms and bonds in space
Published	07/30/2024	Formula for possible number of stereoisomers:{{c1::\(2^{n}\) where n is the number of chiral carbons}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enantiomers}} - Non-superimposable mirror images. Hydroxyl group at {{c2::penultimate}} carbon ({{c2::2nd to the last}} carbon) is use…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diastereomers}} - Differ just in 1 chiral center
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epimers}} - special type of {{c2::diastereomers}} that differ at one specific carbon other than the penultimate carbon or the carbonyl carbon
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anomers}} - Monosaccharides that differ in configuration only at the carbonyl carbon
Published	07/30/2024	Mnemonic when identifying carb anomers:{{c1::α looks like a fish- swims down a streamβ looks like a bird – flies up}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::\(\beta\)}} Anomers, {{c1::Cis}} configuration, The primary alcohol is in the equatorial plane as the newly formed hydroxyl group
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::\(\alpha\)}} Anomers, {{c1::Trans::Trans/Cis}} configuration - The primary alcohol group is on the opposite side or in the axial plane of t…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tautomerization}} - Shifting of double bonds occurring via protonation and deprotonation step
Published	07/30/2024	d or + → right → {{c1::Dextro}}rotatory
Published	07/30/2024	l or - → left → {{c1::Levo}}rotatory
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mutarotation}} - The gradual change of rotation observed in freshly prepared solutions of sugars with free aldehyde or ketone groups
Published	07/30/2024	Reducing Property is dictated by the presence of a {{c1::free hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon of a cyclized sugar {{c1::is not::is/is not}} linked to another compound the ring could open and act as a…
Published	07/30/2024	Two trioses that are important intermediates in the process of glycolysis: {{c1::Glyceraldehyde and Dihydroxyacetone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sweetest of all sugars: {{c1::Fructose}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::D-Ribose}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amino Sugar}} - In this monosaccharide derivative, an amino group substitutes for a hydroxyl.
Published	07/30/2024	Glucosamine, used in the formation of lipids, proteins, chitin, exoskeletons of insects and cell walls of plants, is a/n {{c1::amino sugar}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glucosamine}}Amino Sugar given to those who complain of joint pain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sugar alcohol}} - Monosaccharide derivative that lacks an aldehyde/ketone, resulting from the {{c2::reduction::redox}} of the carbonyl group of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ribitol}} - Sugar alcohol found as a component of the cell wall in gram-{{c2::positive}} bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sorbitol/Glucitol}} - Sugar alcohol used as a moisturizing agent and sweetener. Deposits of this in the eye will result in {{c2::cataract format…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mannitol}} - Sugar alcohol used as an osmotic diuretic. Reduces cerebral edema.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sugar Acids}} - Monosaccharides with carboxylic acids
Published	07/30/2024	Four classes of Sugar Acids 1. {{c1::Aldonic acid}}2. {{c1::Uronic acid}}3. {{c1::Aldaric acid}}4. {{c1::Ulosonic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aldonic}} acid - Sugar acid formed via the oxidation of the {{c2::aldehyde group::fg}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Uronic acid}} - Sugar acid formed via the oxidation of the {{c3::primary alcohol group::fg}}Representative Examples: {{c2::glucuronic & idur…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aldaric acid}} - Sugar acid formed via the oxidation of the {{c3::aldehyde and terminal primary alcohol}}Representative Examples: {{c2::tartaric…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ulosonic acid}} - Sugar acid formed when the first {{c2::hydroxyl}} group of a 2-ketose is oxidized to create an {{c3::alpha-ketoacid}}.Represen…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deoxysugar}} - Sugars that have had a {{c3::hydroxyl group}} replaced by a {{c2::hydrogen atom}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Deoxyribose}} - Deoxysugar used as the backbone of DNA.
Published	07/30/2024	Disaccharides are two monosaccharides linked together through a {{c1::glycosidic}} bond
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glycosidic bonds::Bond}} result from an anomeric hydroxyl and a hydroxyl of another sugar joining, having {{c2::water}} as a by-product in the p…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of Glycosidic Bond based on the anomeric hydroxyl group{{c1::Alpha bond}}: anomeric hydroxyl group is pointing downwards{{c1::Beta bond}}: anomer…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Reducing bond::Reducing / Non-reducing}} disaccharide has a free anomeric hydroxyl group
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Lactose, Maltose, and Cellobiose}} is/are (a) {{c1::reducing::reducing / non-reducing}} disaccharides.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Sucrose}} is/are (a) {{c1::non-reducing::reducing / non-reducing}} disaccharides.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lactose}} = {{c2::galactose}} + {{c2::glucose}} in a {{c3::β(1→4)}} linkage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Maltose}} = {{c2::glucose}} + {{c2::glucose}} in a {{c3::α(1→4)}} linkage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sucrose}} = {{c2::glucose}} + {{c2::fructose}} in a {{c3::α(1→2)}} linkage
Published	07/30/2024	All polysaccharides are considered {{c1::non-reducing::reducing / non-reducing}} sugars due to the complexity of their structures.
Published	07/30/2024	Polysaccharides are {{c2::s::s/not s}}weet and most polysaccharides are {{c1::grey::color}} amorphous compounds
Published	07/30/2024	Two types of Polysaccharides {{c1::Homopolysaccharides}}: contain only 1 type of monosaccharide{{c1::Heteropolysaccharides}}: contain more than 1…
Published	07/30/2024	Mucoprotein is an example of a {{c1::glycoprotein::proteoglycan/glycoprotein}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Proteoglycans::Proteoglycans/Glycoproteins}} are rich in serial dissacharide repeats
Published	07/30/2024	A glycosaminoglycan is a polysaccharide that has a large {{c1::-::-/+}}ly charged complex due to {{c2::carboxylic and sulfated groups}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Starch}} is the major storage form of carbohydrates in {{c2::plants}} and it is a prime example of a {{c2::hom::hom/heter}}opolysaccharide
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharides}} = {{c2::amino sugar}} + {{c2::sugar acid}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::N-LINKED}} - carbs are linked via the side chain {{c3::amide nitrogen (-NH)}} of {{c2::Asparagine residues}}
Published	07/30/2024	In O-linked glycoproteins, the {{c2::anomeric}} carbon of {{c2::N-Acetylglucosamine}} is attached to the oxygen found in {{c1::serine, threonine, or h…
Published	07/30/2024	In N-linked glycoproteins, the {{c2::anomeric}} carbon of {{c2::N-Acetylglucosamine}} is attached to the Nitrogen found in {{c1::asparagine::AAs}}
Published	07/30/2024	In the formation of your N-linked glycoproteins, asparagine must follow specific sequences: Asn-{{c2::X-Ser}} and Asn-{{c2::X-Thr}}where Asn is follow…
Published	07/30/2024	QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON: General Abundance A) O-linked Glycoprotein   B) N-linked GlycoproteinA {{c1::<}} B
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::N}}-linked glycoproteins can be seen in {{c2::immunoglobulins G and M}}, {{c2::ovalbumin}}, and {{c2::peptide hormones}}.
Published	07/30/2024	At the end of an N-linked glycoprotein, the core structure of the ending saccharide is always composed of {{c1::2 N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)}} follo…
Published	07/30/2024	In the ending saccharide core structure of an N-linked glycoprotein, other sugars can be attached to the {{c1::mannose}} residues.
Published	07/30/2024	In proteoglycans, the link between carbohydrates and proteins is via {{c2::tetrasaccharide bridges}}, formed by {{c1::Xylose (Xyl), 2 Galactose (Gal) …
Published	07/30/2024	In the tetrasaccharide bridge forming proteoglycans, an {{c1::O}}-glycosidic bond is formed between the {{c2::Xylose}} component of the bridge an…
Published	07/30/2024	Proteoglycans are present as integral membrane proteins in the form of {{c2::syndecan}} and {{c2::glypican}}
Published	07/30/2024	Syndecan is more closely associated with {{c1::heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate::GAGs}}Glypican is more closely associated with {{c1::heparan s…
Published	07/30/2024	In the aggrecan structure, {{c1::GAGs}} are covalently attached to the core protein and repel each other because they are {{c2::-::-/+}}ly charged
Published	07/30/2024	Starch is composed of {{c1::amylose}} and {{c1::amylopectin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Peptidoglycans are glycoconjugates found only in {{c1::bacterial cell walls}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A) Glycoprotein OR B) PeptidoglycanContain a protein portion - {{c1::A}}Composed of GAG chains linked to oligopeptides - {{c1::B}}Consists of linear p…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amylose::Starch Polysaccharide}}{{c2::Linear::linear/branched}} polysaccharide in {{c3::α(1→4)}} linkages
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Amylopectin::Starch Polysaccharide}}{{c2::Branched::linear/branched}} polysaccharide in {{c3::α(1→4) and α(1→6)}} linkages
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Glycogen::Polysaccharide}}Structurally similar to {{c2::amylopectin::polysaccharide}}Glucose chains are organized by {{c3::globs::globs/filament…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cellulose::Polysaccharide}}Polymer w/ {{c2::β(1→4)}} linkages and {{c2::\(\ce{CH2OH}\) groups (primary alcohol group)::fg}} found alternati…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chitin::Polysaccharide}}Consists of {{c2::N-acetyl-D-glucosamine}} joined by {{c2::β(1→4)}} linkages
Published	07/30/2024	A) GRAM NEG OR B) GRAM POSBacillus - {{c1::B}}Escherichia coli - {{c1::A}}Salmonella - {{c1::A}}Streptococcus - {{c1::B}}Mycobacterium - {{c1::B}}Tetr…
Published	07/30/2024	The peptidoglycan layer of gram-positive bacteria is composed of alternating {{c1::N-Acetyl Glucosamine (NAG)}} and {{c1::N-Acetyl Murmaic Acid (NAM)}…
Published	07/30/2024	Composition of Heteropolysaccharides{{c1::Proteoglycan}} - carbohydrates {{c2::>::>, =, <}} proteins{{c1::Glycoproteins}} - carbohydrates {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::NAM}} units in gram-positive bacteria have an attached {{c2::tetrapeptide (L-Ala-D-Glu-L-Lys-D-Ala)}} crosslinked by a {{c2::glycine pentapeptid…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Teichoic}} acid are substituted polymers of {{c1::glycerol phosphate or ribitol phosphate}}, and they impart the antigenic properties of gram (+…
Published	07/30/2024	TRUE OR FALSE: Gram-negative bacteria do not have alternating NAG and NAM units.{{c1::FALSE - they do have, what they lack are the glycine pentapeptid…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Keratan Sulfate}} is the only glycosaminoglycan without an {{c2::acidic sugar}} and the {{c3::mo::lea/mo}}st heterogenous GAG
Published	07/30/2024	Gram (-){{c1::Lysine::AA}} of Peptidoglycan layer → {{c2::Braun's Lipoprotein}} → {{c1::Serine::AA}} of Outer Membrane
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS)}}Rare inborn errors in the degradation of {{c2::glycosaminoglycans::polysaccharide}} that lead to skeletal and extra…
Published	07/30/2024	Mucopolysaccharide issues are usually {{c2::autosomal}} recessive disorder except for {{c1::Hunter’s::syndrome}}, which is {{c2::X-Linked}} recessive
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cyclic acetals::fg}} bond glucose molecules to other glucose molecules in the formation of disaccharides and polysaccharides
Published	07/30/2024	Galactose aka {{c1::Milk/Brain}} sugar
Published	07/30/2024	The most important ketohexose is {{c1::Fructose}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::D-Fructose or Levulose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::D-Ribose}}{{c2::::imagine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most sugars in nature are {{c1::D::D/L}} sugars
Published	07/30/2024	Most AAs in nature are {{c1::L::D/L}}
Published	07/30/2024	Carbons {{c1::1 and 6}} are where phosphates are usually placed on sugars phosphates
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Sucrose}} is the base level of sweetness comparison with a level of {{c2::100}}
Published	07/30/2024	Amylo{{c1::se::se/pectin}} tests positive on the iodine test and stains {{c2::blue::color}}
Published	07/30/2024	80-90% of starch is amylo{{c1::pectin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Starch polysaccharides, Glycogen, and Cellulose are polymers of {{c1::glucose::sugar}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cellobiose}} = {{c2::β-D-glucose}} + {{c2::β-D-glucose}} in a {{c3::β(1→4)}} linkage
Published	07/30/2024	Possible Carbohydrate-Protein links{{c1::O-linksN-links}}
Published	07/30/2024	Usual amino sugars on glycosaminoglycans:{{c1::D-glucosamine or D-galactosamine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Usual acidic sugars on glycosaminoglycans:{{c1::D-glucuronic acid or L-iduronic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	The most abundant GAG in the body is {{c1::chondroitin sulfate}}
Published	07/30/2024	Branching of carbohydrate chains of polysaccharides can be seen in {{c1::glycoproteins::proteoglycans/glycoproteins}}
Published	07/30/2024	Majority of starch is amylo{{c3::pectin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aggrecan is composed of a core protein and approximately 100 linear chains of {{c1::keratansulfate and chondroitin sulfate::GAGs}}
Status	Last Update	Fields