Notes in L23 - Digestion of Dietary Lipids

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Published	11/02/2024	Saturated and trans fats tend to be {{c1::solid}} at room termprature, whereas unsaturated fats (cis fats) tend to be {{c1::liquid}} at room temperatu…
Published	11/02/2024	What are the shorthand and ω notations of the following fatty acid?Shorthand: {{c1::18:2(9,12)}}ω: {{c1::18:2 ω-6 }}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the two essential fatty acids?{{c1::linoleic acid and α-linolenic acid}}
Published	11/02/2024	Trans fats are a group of {{c1::synthetic}} unsaturated fats in which one or more double bonds has been isomerized from the {{c1::cis}} conformation t…
Published	11/02/2024	Cholesterol is a precursor of {{c1::bile}}, {{c1::vitamin D}}, and {{c1::steroid hormones}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The storage and transport forms of cholesterol are cholesterol {{c1::esters}}
Published	11/02/2024	The fat soluble vitamins include vitamins: {{c1::A, D, E, K}}
Published	11/02/2024	What are the two primary bile acids?{{c1::cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid}}
Published	11/02/2024	Bile acids can be further modified to increase their emulsifying properties through the conjugation of {{c1::glycine and taurine}}, forming {{c1::bile…
Published	11/02/2024	Bile salts serve to {{c1::emulsify fats}} and serve as {{c1::an excretory method for cholesterol}}. They are stored in the {{c1::gallbladder}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Secretin}} stimulates the release of {{c2::bicarbonate}} from the {{c2::pancreas}}.
Published	11/02/2024	What molecule stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes? {{c1::cholecystokinin (CCK)}}What other organ does it affect?{{c1::stimulates gallbla…
Published	11/02/2024	CCK and gastrin are synthesized and secreted by {{c1::enteroendocrine}} cells of the {{c1::small intestine (duodenum)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Lipids gain the ability to penetrate the water layer of enterocytes through {{c1::the formation of micelles}}
Published	11/02/2024	Receptors involved in fat digestion.{{c1::CD36}}: {{c2::transports fatty acids into cells of the small intestine}} {{c1::NPC1L1}} : {{c…
Published	11/02/2024	Plant foods can lower cholesterol via {{c1::sterol/stanol}}-mediated competition for cholesterol at {{c1::NPC1L1}} channels
Published	11/02/2024	What nutritional deficiencies can arise from fat malabsorption?{{c1::Vitamins A, D, E, and KEssential fatty acidsVitamin B12}}
Published	11/02/2024	The following are just a few of the many causes of lipid malabsorption:{{c1::cystic fibrosis::genetic}}{{c1::crohn's disease::inflammatory}}{{c1::panc…
Published	11/02/2024	Cystic fibrosis can lead to {{c1::steatorrhea and malabsorbtion::GI symptom}} due to pancreatic duct {{c1::mucous}} occlusion. This can be alleviated …
Published	11/02/2024	Orlistat/xenical is an inhibitor of {{c1::gastric and pancreatic lipases}} which decreases enzymatic digestion of triacylglycerol.However, these can c…
Published	11/02/2024	In terms of infant lipid metabolism, breastfeeding is an important sources of essential {{c1::fatty acids}}, {{c1::fat soluble vitamins}}, and {{c1::l…
Published	11/02/2024	Abetalipoproteinemia is an {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance pattern}} deficiency in {{c1::MTP}}
Published	11/02/2024	glycerophospholipds are triacylglycerols with a {{c1::phophate group instead of a 3rd fatty acid molecule}} and are very {{c1::hydrophilic::hydrophobi…
Published	11/02/2024	cholesterol esters are cholesterol + a {{c1::fatty acid}} joined by an {{c1::ester}} bond
Published	11/02/2024	dietary lipid (fat) is 90-95% {{c1::triacylglycerols}}
Published	11/02/2024	due to their hydrophobic nature, fats from a meal form {{c1::lipid droplets}} in the stomach that gets digested in the {{c1::stomach}} and in the {{c1…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::lingual lipase}}, which is secreted from {{c1::von Ebner's}} glands in the tongue, and {{c2::gastric lipase}} break ester bonds in {{c1::tracylg…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::glycocholic acid}}, {{c1::glycochenodeoxycholic acid}}, {{c1::taurocholic acid}}, and {{c1::taurochendeoxycholic acid}} are examples of bile sal…
Published	11/02/2024	after bile salts emulsify lipids, most are returned to the {{c1::liver}} through the {{c1::portal vein}}
Published	11/02/2024	degradation of TAGs, cholesterol esters, and glycerophospholipids occurs in the {{c1::intestine}}
Published	11/02/2024	emulsification is when bile salts break down {{c1::large lipid droplets}} into {{c1::smaller droplets}} to increase {{c1::surface area }} so that…
Published	11/02/2024	pancreatic lipase degrades {{c1::TAGs}} to {{c1::2-monoacylglycerol + 2 fatty acids}} in conjuction with {{c1::colipase}} so it can be more readily ab…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::colipase}} anchors pancreatic lipase to lipid droplets and stabilizes it to enhance its effectiveness
Published	11/02/2024	along with pancreatic lipase, {{c1::cholesteryl ester hydrolase}}, {{c1::phospholipase A2}}, and {{c1::lysophospholipase}} are pancreatic enzymes invo…
Published	11/02/2024	cholesteryl ester hydrolase degrades {{c1::cholesterol esters}} to {{c1::cholesterol + 1 fatty acid}}
Published	11/02/2024	phospholipase A2 and lysophospholipase degrade {{c1::phospholipids to G3P + 2 fatty acids}}
Published	11/02/2024	the hydrophobic portions of micelles face {{c1::inwards}} while the hydrophilic portions face {{c1::outwards}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::brush border cells}} of the intestine take up the degraded lipids form the mixed micelles after they penetrate the {{c1::water layer}} due to th…
Published	11/02/2024	Absorption of the major products of lipid digestion occurs at the {{c1::apical}} surface of the absorptive cells of the small intestine and invol…
Published	11/02/2024	lipid malabsorption is characterized by an increase of dietary lipid in {{c1::feces}}, a complication known as {{c1::steatorrhea}}
Published	11/02/2024	symptoms of steatorrhea include:{{c1::abdominal}} pain{{c1::cramping}}{{c1::swelling}}{{c1::bowel}} distension
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency (EPI)}} is a condition in which the pancreas does not produce sufficient {{c2::digestive enzymes}}, the enzyme…
Published	11/02/2024	cystic fibrosis is managed with a high {{c1::protein}} and high {{c1::fat}} diet as well as {{c1::enteric coated pancreatic enzymes}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::short and medium chain}} fatty acids can also be used as nutrition therapy because they do not require {{c1::micelle}} formation for absorption
Published	11/02/2024	after lipids are absorbed, they are resynthesized and transfered by {{c1::microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP)}} to {{c1::apolipoprotein B-4…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Chylomicrons}} are the delivery mechanism for lipids absorbed from dietary fat to organs and tissues
Published	11/02/2024	chylomicron particles are generated by the progressive lipidation of {{c1::Apo-B48}} along with the addition of {{c1::glycerophospholipids, lipid-solu…
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