Notes in Applied Pathophysiology

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Published	03/06/2024	Risk factors of Atertiosclerosis
Published	03/06/2024	What does arterosclerosis help develop in the kidneys that leads to CKD?
Published	03/06/2024	What does atherosclerosis develop if left untreated
Published	03/06/2024	blood pressure = ? x ?
Published	03/06/2024	Factors causing aneurysms
Published	03/06/2024	Varicose vein risk factors
Published	03/06/2024	What does the Renin-Angiotensin system do?
Published	03/06/2024	Aldosterone effects
Published	03/06/2024	Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) effects
Published	03/06/2024	Heart failure risk factors
Published	03/06/2024	What does left sided heart failure affect
Published	03/06/2024	What is right sided heart failure caused by
Published	03/06/2024	What is ischemic heart disease
Published	03/06/2024	When is angina painful?
Published	03/06/2024	What is visible in a biopsy to confirm hypertensive heart disease
Published	03/06/2024	Chronic kidney disease (CKD) risk factors
Published	03/06/2024	What is the normal GFR in a healthy person
Published	03/06/2024	What is a visible symptom of CKD
Published	03/06/2024	What happens if over 3.5g of proteins are found in urine samples over 24 hours?
Published	03/06/2024	What is the difference between nephrotic and nephritic syndrome?
Published	03/06/2024	What does diabetic glomerusclerosis cause?
Published	03/06/2024	What does hypertensive nephrosclerosis cause?
Published	03/06/2024	What is renovascular hypertension caused by
Published	03/06/2024	What are the conditions that hypersecretion and hyposecretion of growth hormone cause
Published	03/06/2024	What are the 3 types of stimulus for the endocrine system
Published	03/06/2024	What does thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) do?
Published	03/06/2024	What does adrenocorticotropic hormone produce?
Published	03/06/2024	What does follicle stimulating hormone trigger?
Published	03/06/2024	What does luteinising hormone trigger
Published	03/06/2024	What does prolactin stimulate
Published	03/06/2024	What are some anti-thyroid substances?
Published	03/06/2024	What is the thyroid gland's purpose?
Published	03/06/2024	What 3 hormones does the thyroid secrete
Published	03/06/2024	What is the hormonal response to cold
Published	03/06/2024	What are symptoms of Graves' Disease
Published	03/06/2024	What happens in hypothyroidism
Published	03/06/2024	What is endemic goiter
Published	03/06/2024	What is cretinism
Published	03/06/2024	What does Addison's disease do?
Published	03/06/2024	What is Cushing's syndrome
Published	03/06/2024	What is Conn's syndrome
Published	03/06/2024	What can cause Cushing's syndrome
Published	03/06/2024	What purpose does the parathyroid gland serve?
Published	03/06/2024	What are the concequences of hypocalcaemia?
Published	03/06/2024	What are the concequences of hypercalcaemia
Published	03/06/2024	What does vitamin D do in the intestines?
Published	03/06/2024	How does PTH interact with bones
Published	03/06/2024	What causes tetanus?
Published	03/06/2024	What is multiple sclerosis?
Published	03/06/2024	How does multiple sclerosis change overtime?
Published	03/06/2024	What is dysphagia?
Published	03/06/2024	What causes mechanical disphagia?
Published	03/06/2024	What causes functional dysphagia?
Published	03/06/2024	What is achalasia?
Published	03/06/2024	What are Oesophageal varicies
Published	03/06/2024	What causes oesophageal varices
Published	03/06/2024	How are peptic ulcers formed?
Published	03/06/2024	What regulates acid to stop peptic ulcers
Published	03/06/2024	What types of peptic ulcers are there?
Published	03/06/2024	What are NSAIDs
Published	03/06/2024	How are ulcers treated?
Published	03/06/2024	What does lactose in/tolerance entail?
Published	03/06/2024	What is diverticular disease?
Published	03/06/2024	What is emphysema?
Published	03/06/2024	How does smoking cause emphysema?
Published	03/06/2024	What is chronic bronchitis?
Published	03/06/2024	What are the consequences of chronic bronchitis?
Published	03/06/2024	What are visible symptoms of chronic bronchitis
Published	03/06/2024	How does multiple sclerosis occur?
Published	03/06/2024	A 65-year-old mildly obese man complains of recurrent chest pain on exertion. He has a fasting blood glucose of165 mg/dL and total serum cholesterol o…
Published	03/06/2024	Lipids sequestered by foam cells within the coronary arteries during atherosclerosis derives primarily from which of the following sources?(A) Apoptot…
Published	03/06/2024	A 79-year-old man presents with a history of extensive ulcers on both legs for 4 years. A photograph of the patient’s legs is shown in the image. What…
Published	03/06/2024	If someone's heart has a stroke volume of 50 ml and a heart rate of 80 beat/minute, the cardiac output would be(A) 4.0 ml/min(B) 3.5 l/min(C) 4.0 l/mi…
Published	03/06/2024	A 44-year-old man experiences acute chest pain. The ECG is normal. Analysis of which pair of serum markers given below would be most helpful in exclud…
Published	03/06/2024	A 53-year-old man is a heavy smoker and discovered to have hyperlipidaemia on screening tests after a routine physical examination. Laboratory studies…
Published	03/06/2024	The single most common symptom of congestive heart failure is(A) Blurred vision(B) Confusion(C) Shortness of breath(D) Dizziness
Published	03/06/2024	Types of medication prescribed for congestive heart failure may include all of the following except(A) Diuretics(B) Analgesics(C) ACE inhibitors(D) Be…
Published	03/06/2024	A 20-year-old woman is involved in an automobile accident and loses a large amount of blood. In response to hypoxia, interstitial peritubular cells of…
Published	03/06/2024	A 62-year-old man with a history of cardiovascular disease including a recent heart attack suddenly develops painless haematuria. He subsequently suff…
Published	03/06/2024	The hallmark of glomerular disorders is(A) Excess urine volume(B) Increased aldosterone(C) Increased anti-diuretic hormone(D) Increased albuminuria
Published	03/06/2024	A 65-year-old woman has a history of hyperlipidaemia and high blood pressure. Her blood pressure is 195/110 mmHg, and pulse rate is 99 beats per minut…
Published	03/06/2024	Glomerular disorders are likely when serum creatinine is(A) Below normal(B) Unchanged but with an abnormal glomerular filtration rate(C) Above normal(…
Published	03/06/2024	The medication most effective in decreasing proteinuria is(A) Aspirin(B) Beta blockers(C) Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II …
Published	03/06/2024	A 35-year-old man presents with recurrent headaches and arthritic pain in his knees of 9 months in duration. He notes that his hat size has recently i…
Published	03/06/2024	A 45-year-old woman complains of tingling in her hands and feet 24 hours after surgery to remove a thyroid follicular carcinoma. Her symptoms rapidly …
Published	03/06/2024	A 43-year-old woman with severe asthma presents with increasing weight and back pain for nine months. The patient is taking corticosteroids for her as…
Published	03/06/2024	Which of the following is not a symptom of Cushing’s syndrome(A) Increased pigmentation of the skin(B) Acne(C) Easy bruising(D) Weight gain
Published	03/06/2024	A 31-year-old man complains of sudden attacks of dizziness, blurred vision, and excruciating headaches of 2 months in duration. During one of these at…
Published	03/06/2024	Which of the following statements is the best description of a toxic thyroid adenoma?(A) An autoimmune disease directed against thyroid stimulating ho…
Published	03/06/2024	A 35-year-old woman complains of urinary incontinence and blurred vision for 2 months. A funduscopic examination shows no abnormalities. Two months la…
Published	03/06/2024	Geographically speaking, the lowest risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) is noted in persons livingA) Near the equatorB) In the extreme northC) …
Published	03/06/2024	A 35-year-old man complains of difficulty swallowing and a tendency to regurgitate his food. Endoscopy does not reveal any oesophageal or gastric abno…
Published	03/06/2024	Who is most likely to suffer from gastroesophageal reflux disease?(A) A pregnant woman(B) An obese person(C) A smoker(D) All the above
Published	03/06/2024	A 53-year-old man is brought to the emergency department 3 hours after vomiting blood and experiencing bloody stools. The patient was diagnosed with a…
Published	03/06/2024	Which one of the following is the most common cause of a peptic ulcer?(A) Decreased blood flow to the organ(B) Increased mucus production(C) Helicobac…
Published	03/06/2024	A 45-year-old man presents with 3 days of left lower quadrant abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits, and intermittent fever. His temperature is 38.5…
Published	03/06/2024	You're educating a group of patients at an outpatient clinic about peptic ulcer formation. Which statement is correct about how peptic ulcers form?(A)…
Published	03/06/2024	A 55-year-old man is admitted to hospital with increasing shortness of breath and dry cough for the past few years. He smokes 1.5 packs of cigarettes …
Published	03/06/2024	A 55-year-old man was admitted to the hospital with a chief complaint of increasing shortness of breath over the past several years. The patient was a…
Published	03/06/2024	hi charlie
Published	03/06/2024	hi ollie
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