Notes in L06 Guerroro Emulsions, and Opthalmic Preparations

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Published	10/25/2023	Definitions of an Emulsion Slide 2A {{c1::two-phase}} system in which {{c1::one liquid}} is dispersed throughout {{c1::another liquid}} in the form of…
Published	10/25/2023	Emulsions Slide 3{{c1::two-phase}} system{{c1::water-in-oil}} or {{c1::oil-in-water}}{{c1::Emulsifying agents}} used to stabilize emulsionsEmulsions m…
Published	10/25/2023	Terminology Slide 4{{c1::small globules}} = {{c2::dispersed}} or {{c2::internal}} phase{{c1::vehicle}} = {{c2::dispersion media}}, {{c2::external or c…
Published	10/25/2023	Emulsion Characteristics Slide 8Oil/water (oil in water) = {{c1::creamy and white}}, {{c1::easily}} washableWater/oil (water in oil) = {{c2::glassy an…
Published	10/25/2023	Oral Administration Slide 9use to {{c1::hide bad tasting oil soluble}} medicationsplace {{c1::bad tasting drug}} in the {{c1::internal}} phase (oil) a…
Published	10/25/2023	External Administration Slide 10viscosity {{c1::varies}}some prepareed as {{c1::liquids}} or {{c1::semisolids}}majority of topical dosage forms = {{c1…
Published	10/25/2023	Physical Characteristics of Emulsions Sldie 11{{c1::small particle size}} in internal phase --> {{c1::increasing}} surface area{{c2::thermodynaical…
Published	10/25/2023	Physical Characteristics Cont. SLide 12dispersed particles can {{c1::fuse or coalesce}}, destroying the integrity of the emulsion (known as {{c1::emul…
Published	10/25/2023	Emulsifying Agents Slide 14help {{c1::stabilize}} the emulsion, by {{c1::adding a third agent}} to it
Published	10/25/2023	Emulsifying Agents Cont. Slide 15{{c1::surfactant to reduce surface tension}} = reduce {{c1::energy}} of the emulsion, allowing the phases to {{c1::co…
Published	10/25/2023	Emulsifying Agents Cont. Slide 16control whether the emulsion is {{c1::O/W or W/O}}{{c1::W/O}} formed by the use of a more {{c1::lipid}}-soluble emuls…
Published	10/29/2023	Emulsifying Agents Properties Slide 17must be {{c1::compatible}} with all ingredientsmust not {{c1::interfere with therapeutic effect}} of active ingr…
Published	10/29/2023	Types of Emulsifying Agents Slide 18{{c1::Hydrophilic Colloids}}{{c1::Protein Substances}}{{c2::High Molecular Weight Alochols}}{{c2::Wettings Agents …
Published	10/29/2023	Hydrophobic Colloids Slide 19{{c1::acacia}}, {{c1::tragacanth}}, {{c1::chrondrus}}, {{c1::pectin}}do {{c1::little to reduce interfacial tension}}act a…
Published	10/29/2023	Protein Substances Slide 20{{c1::gelatin}}, {{c1::egg yolks}}, {{c1::casein}}produce {{c1::O/W emulsions}}{{c2::Gelatin}} produces {{c2::very fluid em…
Published	10/29/2023	High Molecular Weight Alochols Slide 21{{c1::Stearyl Alcohol}}, {{c1::Cetyl Alcohol}}, {{c1::Glyceryl Monosterate}}, {{c1::Cholesterol}}Used as {{c2::…
Published	10/29/2023	Wetting Agents or Surface Active Agents Slide 22{{c1::Sorbitan Monooleate}} ({{c1::Span 80}}), {{c1::Triethanolamine Oleate}}, {{c1::Polyxyethylene So…
Published	10/29/2023	HLB System Slide 23emulsifying agents have both {{c1::hydrophilic and lipophilic}} groups, where one or the other {{c1::predominates}}each agent has a…
Published	10/29/2023	HLB System Slide 25lower = {{c1::more}} lipophilichigher = {{c1::more}} hydrophilic3-6 = will produce {{c1::W/O}} emulsions8-19 = will produce {{c1::O…
Published	10/29/2023	HLB System Slide 26-28- same stuff as previous slideschoose the {{c1::same or nearly the same}} HLB number for the agent as what is required in the oi…
Published	10/29/2023	Slides 29-36
Published	10/29/2023	Ophthalmic Preparations Slide 38solutions for the {{c1::eye}}{{c1::solutions}}{{c1::suspensions}}{{c1::ointments}}{{c1::solid dosage forms}}
Published	10/29/2023	Characteristics Slide 39Must be {{c1::sterile}} but do not have to be {{c1::pyrogen free}}Must be free from {{c1::foreign particles}}If {{c2::suspensi…
Published	10/29/2023	Ocular Administration of Medications Slide 40Problems with administrationProtective mechanism of eyelids and lacrimal system {{c1::rapidly removes&nbs…
Published	10/29/2023	Bioavailibilty Slide 41 normal tear volume in {{c1::cul-de-sac}} of eye is {{c1::7}} mcL{{c1::blinking eye}} can only retain {{c1::10}} mcLvolume…
Published	10/29/2023	Problems with Olpthalmic Solutions Slide 42Medication drops average about {{c1::50}}µLTherefore, much of administered medication is {{c1::lost}}{{c1::…
Published	10/29/2023	Problems with Ophthalmic Dosage Forms Slide 43Retention time of medication in eye is {{c1::short}}Amount of drug absorbed is only a {{c1::small fracti…
Published	10/29/2023	Solution to Problems Slide 44{{c1::Frequent administration}}{{c1::Extend corneal contact time}}{{c2::Gel systems}}{{c2::Suspensions}}{{c2::Ointments}}…
Published	10/29/2023	Sterility Slide 45All ophthalmic solutions must be sterileUsually {{c1::autoclaved}} in final containersIf drug is {{c1::thermally unstable}} must use…
Published	10/29/2023	Dangers of Non-Sterile Opthalmic PreparationsOcular infections cause {{c1::ocular ulcerations}} and sometimes {{c1::loss of sight}}Organisms{{c2::Bact…
Published	10/29/2023	Contamination Slide 47 IMPORTANTIf dropper is {{c1::touched or touches the surface of a table}}.If dropper {{c1::touches face or eyelid}}With {{c2::Dr…
Published	10/29/2023	Preservatives Slide 48{{c1::Quaternary Ammonium Compounds}}{{c1::Organic Mercurial Compounds}}{{c2::Parahydroxybenzoic Acid Esters}}{{c2::Chlorobutano…
Published	10/29/2023	Quaternary Ammonium Compounds{{c1::Benzalkonium Chloride}}{{c1::Benzethonium Chloride}}{{c1::Cetyl Pyridinium Chloride}}
Published	10/29/2023	Advantages of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Slide 50most {{c1::commonly-used}} preservativegood {{c1::stability}} and long {{c1::shelf life}}good {{c1…
Published	10/29/2023	Disadvantages of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Slide 51have {{c1::toxic effects}} (on epithelium by altering corneal permeability){{c1::breaks lipid l…
Published	10/29/2023	Chlorohexidine Slide 52similar to {{c1::benzalkonium chloride}} in microbial activitydoes not {{c1::alter corneal permability}}is {{c1::not toxic}} to…
Published	10/29/2023	Chlorobutanol Advantages Slide 53 Effective against {{c1::most bacteria}} and {{c1::some fungi}}{{c1::Compatible}} with most ingredients {{c1…
Published	10/29/2023	Aromatic Alcohols Slide 54{{c2::benzyl alcohol}} and {{c2::phenylethyl alcohol}}AdvantagesSimilar to {{c1::chlorobutanol}}Does not {{c1::convert to HC…
Published	10/29/2023	Opthalmic Vehicles Slide 56Ophthalmic vehicles {{c1::enhance}} drug action by {{c1::increasing viscosity}}{{c1::Retention time}} increases as {{c1::vi…
Published	10/29/2023	Common Vehicles Slide 57{{c1::povidone}}{{c1::polyvinyl alcohol}} (PVA){{c1::hydroxypropylmethylcellulose}}{{c1::Poloxamer-407}}{{c1::Ointments}}
Published	10/29/2023	Polyvinyl Alcohol Slide 58{{c1::water-soluble}}most products contain {{c1::1.4}}%non-{{c1::irritating}} to eyemay facilitate {{c1::healing of abraded …
Published	10/29/2023	Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose Slide 69Simlilar to PVA ({{c1::polyvinyl alcohol}})most products contain {{c1::0.5}}%exhibits {{c1::twice ocular retentio…
Published	10/29/2023	Povidone Slide 60Not bound to {{c1::membrane surfaces}}Does not provide {{c1::long lasting viscosity enhancement}}{{c1::Viscosity}} does not change un…
Published	10/29/2023	Poloxamer-407{{c1::First}} polyionic compound to be evaluated for use in eyeHas hydrophobic {{c1::nucleus}}, hydrophilic {{c1::end groups}} and has {{…
Published	10/29/2023	Ointments Slide 62primary use = {{c1::increase ocular contact time}}combination of {{c1::petralatum}} and {{c1::mineral}} oil {{c1::60/40}} ratio&nbsp…
Published	10/29/2023	pH Slide 63Ideally should be formulated at a pH of {{c1::7.4}}Theoretically ophthalmic solutions at a pH of 7.4 should not {{c1::sting}}Seldom is this…
Published	10/29/2023	Tonicity Slide 64{{c1::0.9}}% + {{c1::0.2}}% sodium chloride is considered {{c1::isotonic}}Eye can tolerate tonicity of between {{c1::0.6}}%-{{c1::1.8…
Published	10/29/2023	Slides 65-66Read the Dang Guides for Administration
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