Notes in 8_5 Anking_AND_Lecture_Transcription

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Published	08/28/2024	What process takes DNA and makes RNA? {{c1::transcription}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which pyrimidine is found in DNA only?{{c1::Thymine}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which pyrimidine is found in RNA only?{{c1::Uracil}}
Published	08/28/2024	Does RNA polymerase have 3' exonuclease activity (proof-reading)? {{c1::No}}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::template}} strand is the dsDNA strand used for transcription; it is complementary and antiparallel to mRNA
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::coding}} strand is the strand of dsDNA that is NOT used during transcription, but is identical to mRNA (substitute T/U)
Published	08/28/2024	Where is most of rRNA synthesized?{{c1::Nucleolus}}
Published	08/28/2024	Practice: If a DNA template sequence is TAGC, what is the mRNA sequence?{{c1::GCUA}}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::untranslated region (UTR)}} of mRNA is the portion of mRNA which contains no protein information
Published	08/28/2024	Does prokaryotic mRNA have introns and exons?{{c1::No}}
Published	08/28/2024	Does prokaryotic mRNA have post-transcriptional processing?{{c1::No}}
Published	08/28/2024	The initial mRNA of eukaryotes contains {{c1::introns}} and {{c1::exons}}, which undergo splicing
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::promoter}} is the site where {{c2::RNA polymerase II}} and general transcription factors bind to DNA upstream from a gene locus
Published	08/28/2024	A mutation in the promoter commonly results in a dramatic {{c1::decrease}} in the level of gene transcription
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Enhancers}} are stretches of DNA that increase gene expression by binding specific transcription factors
Published	08/28/2024	Enhancers increase transcription via enhanced activity of the enzyme {{c1::RNA polymerase II}}
Published	08/28/2024	How can enhancers be far away from the gene it regulates?{{c1::DNA will bend to bring enhancer to promoter}}
Published	08/28/2024	How many different RNA polymerases do prokaryotes have? {{c1::One (makes all 3 kinds of RNA)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Capped, tailed, and spliced hnRNA is called {{c1::mRNA}}
Published	08/28/2024	In what part of the cell is mRNA formed?{{c1::Nucleus}}
Published	08/28/2024	In what part of the cell is mRNA translated?{{c1::Cytosol}}
Published	08/28/2024	One post-transcriptional modification is the {{c2::splicing out}} of {{c1::introns}}
Published	08/28/2024	Does Poly-A polymerase require a template (post-transcriptional processing)? {{c1::No}}
Published	08/28/2024	What sequence of bases represents a polyadenylation signal?{{c1::AAUAAA::6}}
Published	08/28/2024	In the first step of alternative splicing, the primary transcript (hnRNA) combines with {{c1::small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPS)}} and other pr…
Published	08/28/2024	After the spliceosome has been formed in alternative splicing, a {{c1::lariat-shaped (looped)}} intermediate is generated
Published	08/28/2024	In the final step of alternative splicing, the {{c2::lariat}} is released to precisely remove the {{c1::intron}} and join two {{c1::exons}}
Published	08/28/2024	Every intron has a 5' {{c1::donor}} site and a 3' {{c1::acceptor}} site, which are brought together to form the Lariat-shaped loop
Published	08/28/2024	Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains the actual genetic information coding for protein? {{c1::Exons}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which portion of eukaryotic hnRNA contains intervening noncoding segments of DNA? {{c1::Introns}}
Published	08/28/2024	Transcription can only go in the {{c1::5 prime --> 3 prime}} direction
Published	08/28/2024	Which strand of DNA is copied in transcription?{{c1::The template strand}}
Published	08/28/2024	In prokaryotes, since there's no nuclear membrane you can have {{c1::transcription}} and {{c1::translation}} happening on the same strand of…
Published	08/28/2024	Holoenzyme:{{c1::enzyme + co-enzyme}}
Published	08/28/2024	Eukaryotic RNA polymerases (very complex --> like 17 different proteins :o):{{c1::RNA Pol I --> rRNA}}{{c1::RNA Pol II -->mRNA}}{{c1::RNA Pol…
Published	08/28/2024	What binds to prokaryotic transcription holoenzymes to initiate transcription?{{c1::Initiation Factors}}
Published	08/28/2024	What binds DNA to keep transcription factors from transcribing (negative control)?{{c1::Repressors}}
Published	08/28/2024	What is the main promoter sequence used in eukaryotic cells?{{c1::TATA box --> "Start transcription here"}}
Published	08/28/2024	What kind of genes do not have a TATA box?{{c1::"Housekeeping genes" -->always transcriptionally-active at low levels, in all cells}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which protein is absolutely necessary to initiate transcription in eukaryotes?{{c1::TATA-Binding Protein (TBP)::Binds TATA Box}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Enhancer}} regions in DNA upregulate transcription of the downstream exons
Published	08/28/2024	Transcription factors have two domains. {{c1::Activation domain}}{{c1::DNA binding domain}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Basal / initiation complexes}} bind promoter regions on genes --> allow RNA polymerase to start transcription
Published	08/28/2024	HAT loosens DNA from nucleosomes (via a{{c1::cetylation}}), HDAC tightens DNA to nucleosomes (via de-{{c1::acetylation}})
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::5-methylcytosine}} = associated w transcriptionally-active areas in chromatin
Published	08/28/2024	In bacteria, transcription can cease via {{c1::Rho-independent termination}}{{c1::Rho-dependent Termination}}
Published	08/28/2024	In eukaryotes, transcription ceases when{{c1::Pol I runs into termination factor}}{{c1::Pol II --> unknown}}or{{c1::Pol III runs into series of U's…
Published	08/28/2024	What happens once mRNA is made?{{c1::5 prime end capped via SAM}}{{c1::Splicing (lariat loop cut via transesterification)}}{{c1::Poly-A Tail added (vi…
Published	08/28/2024	Can you make different proteins from the same RNA strand?{{c1::Yes, via alternative splicing}}
Published	08/28/2024	Where does the majority of RNA processing take place?{{c1::Within the nucleolus}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which protein cleaves tRNA --> active?{{c1::RNase P (At 5 prime end)}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which type of RNA has modified bases?{{c1::T-RNA}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Unedited}}-ApoB mRNA in translated into a {{c1::liver protein, for lipid transport (B-100}}, while {{c2::edited}}-ApoB mRNA is translated i…
Published	08/28/2024	What is the half life of mRNA?{{c1::Prokaryotes: 2-3 minutes}}{{c1::Eukaryotes: 30 minutes - 20 hours}}{{c1::rRNA and tRNA >>>>mRNA}}
Published	08/28/2024	Enhancers and silencers can affect a gene even if it is many base pairs away. This is because {{c1::They have an effect within their physical loc…
Published	08/28/2024	Introns are called introns because they {{c1::stay IN the nucleus}}
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