Notes in 2- Intro to Blood

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Published	02/10/2024	The average circulating volume of blood in a typical adult male (70kg) is {{c1::5L::litres}} of blood approximately 7-8% of his body weight.
Published	02/10/2024	The average circulating volume of blood in women is {{c1::less}} than in men because they have {{c1::less}} body mass.
Published	02/10/2024	A new born baby has approximately {{c1::350ml}} of blood circulating in his system
Published	02/10/2024	Functions of Blood1. Carriage of physiologically active compounds ({{c1::plasma}}) 2. Clotting ({{c1::platelets}}) 3. Defence ({{c1::white blood cells…
Published	02/10/2024	What are the functions of blood?
Published	02/10/2024	Blood consists of {{c1::plasma}}, {{c1::red}} blood cells, {{c1::white}} blood cells, and {{c1::platelets}}.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Plasma}} makes up 4% of body weight and contains 95% water.It circulates biologically active molecules and compounds.It contains proteins that a…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Colloid Oncotic Pressure}} is a form of osmotic pressure that is induced by proteins in the blood because they displace water, which t…
Published	02/10/2024	The net direction of movement between the interstitial space and the vessel lumen through the capillary wall is determined by a balance between two pr…
Published	02/10/2024	Interstitial fluid has a volume greater than plasma by approximately 3-4 times, so it acts as a {{c1::fluid reservoir}}.If blood pressure exceeds…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::concentration/composition}} of fluid at either side of the capillary wall remains {{c2::unchanged}}, while the {{c1::volume}} of plasma and …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypoproteinaemia}} is a condition where there are abnormally low levels of circulating plasma proteins.Which can be caused by:1. {{c2::Liver}} d…
Published	02/10/2024	Regardless of the cause, all types of hypoproteinaemia share a common characteristic which is {{c1::oedema/swelling (build-up of fluid)}} in the …
Published	02/10/2024	All blood cells come from undifferentiated stem cells called {{c1::pluripotent hematopoietic}} stem cells which are located in the bone marrow.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Haematopoiesis}} is the process by which all mature blood cells are produced from pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow.
Published	02/10/2024	Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells differentiate to either: [1] {{c1::Uncommitted}} stem cells which then commits to give rise to a specif…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Erythrocytes (RBCs)}} are the most abundant blood cell (4 to 6 x1012/L) with a 120 day lifespan.They are highly flexible, biconcave, non-nucleat…
Published	02/10/2024	Why does arterial blood have a bright red color while venous blood has bluish/purplish color?
Published	02/10/2024	When oxygen binds to haemoglobin it becomes {{c1::oxyhaemoglobin}} in the arterial blood which has a bright red color.When haemoglobin loses oxygen it…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Erythropoiesis}} is the process by which erythrocytes/RBCs are formed.The process is controlled by a hormone called {{c2::erythropoietin}}, whic…
Published	02/10/2024	Why is the secretion of erythropoietin increased when oxygen delivery to kidneys is reduced (hypoxia)?
Published	02/10/2024	Why is renal disease associated with anaemia (deficiency in the number of red blood cells)?
Published	02/10/2024	The five main types of white blood cells1. {{c1::Mono}}cytes2. {{c1::Lympho}}cytes3. {{c1::Neutro}}phils4. {{c1::Baso}}phils5.&nbs…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Leukocytes (WBCs)}} are nucleated cells involved in defense against pathogens.They are larger than red blood cells and are approximately 1 x 101…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Neutrophils}} are the most abundant white blood cells with a half life of 10 hours, and the body produces approximately 100bn of them per day.{{…
Published	02/10/2024	What's the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Leukopoiesis}} is the process by which white blood cells form.It is controlled by a cocktail of cytokines (proteins/peptides released from …
Published	02/10/2024	What are cytokines?
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Cytokines}} are proteins or peptides released from mature white blood cells, they stimulate both mitosis and maturation of leukocytes.
Published	02/10/2024	Explain the differential stimulation of leukopoiesis in response to Bacterial and Viral infection.
Published	02/10/2024	Why is the cytokine cocktail that is responsible for leukopoiesis considered dynamic?
Published	02/10/2024	A {{c1::Differential White Cell Count}} shows the proportion of white blood cells in the blood to allow you to differentiate between infection types.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Platelets}} are membrane bound cell fragments from megakaryocytes cells, rarely nucleated, are 2-4 microns in diameter.They have a lifespan of 1…
Published	02/10/2024	The formation of platelets is governed by a hormone called {{c1::Thrombopoietin}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Haematocrit}} is a measurement of the percentage of red blood cells to the whole blood, which is at 40-50%, less in women and higher in men.
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Bilirubin}} is the yellow substance in the blood. It forms as a product of red blood cell breakdown, which gets recycled under normal circumstan…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Viscosity}} is how thick or sticky blood is compared to water.Plasma is 1.8x thicker than water.Whole Blood is 3-4x thicker than water.It is not…
Published	02/10/2024	Why does haematocrit increase in dehydration and under the influence of erythropoietin?
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