Notes in Cell Injury/Necrosis/Pigmentation/Bilirubin/Tissue Deposits

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Published	08/24/2024	Describe the 2 definitions of Pathology
Published	08/24/2024	The study of the underlying nature of disease processes or pathological principles.
Published	08/24/2024	The study of the peculiarities of disease affecting each body system.
Published	08/24/2024	The development of disease, including examination of the relationship between the etiological agent and the lesion as well as the relationship between…
Published	08/24/2024	The physiology of disordered function
Published	08/24/2024	an objective physical manifestation of a disease detected at clinical examination of an animal
Published	08/24/2024	the study of the changes causing or caused by disease, visible to the naked eye.
Published	08/24/2024	The study of disease at a microscopic level. This involved the examination of the changes caused by or causing a disease at the cellular and tissue le…
Published	08/24/2024	A structural or functional alteration in a tissue or organ due to disease.
Published	08/24/2024	An abnormality of tissue structure or function (lesion).Most have an element related to tissue architecture! Other definition: the outcome of the…
Published	08/24/2024	5 general patterns of disease: pathological processes
Published	08/24/2024	________= part of a continuum between normal homeostasis and cell death.→ injured cell adapts and overcome something to accommodate that injury.
Published	08/24/2024	The First component of cell injury is ______?
Published	08/24/2024	4 groups that may be linked to circulatory disturbances:
Published	08/24/2024	Fluid Distribution imbalance examples
Published	08/24/2024	Disorders of haemostasis examples
Published	08/24/2024	H-P-E Interactions
Published	08/24/2024	HPE Interactions: Factors can be grouped via: (4)
Published	08/24/2024	Stages of Continuum:
Published	08/24/2024	_________ = Contact between potential pathogen and host.
Published	08/24/2024	_______= one caused by an infectious agent.
Published	08/24/2024	__________ = one that is spread easily from host to host.
Published	08/24/2024	All microbes should be viewed as __________ within the sphere of attenuated host immunity and altered environment.
Published	08/24/2024	_________ factors are centered around host immunity/defenses
Published	08/24/2024	________ factors are centered around pathogenicity. Pathogens are not just infectious agents of disease!
Published	08/24/2024	______ factors include Physical environmentLiving organisms (same and different species)
Published	08/24/2024	Pathogens (agents of disease) are numerous and diverse but include four basic groups:
Published	08/24/2024	The science dealing with the causes of disease (common usage= causes of diseases)
Published	08/24/2024	Pathogen/causative agent/agent of disease involved in a specific disease event
Published	08/24/2024	The study of the infectious agents/pathogens including bacteria, mycoplasma, rickettsia, viruses, and prions.
Published	08/24/2024	The study of the fungal infectious agents
Published	08/24/2024	The study of the protozoan and metazoan infectious agents (usually referred to as parasites). This includes acanthocephalans, arthropods, nematodes, c…
Published	08/24/2024	etiological agent/agent of disease. This includes infectious agents, physical, and chemical agents.
Published	08/24/2024	If something is _______, it means it is capable of causing disease.
Published	08/24/2024	The ability of a pathogenic agent to produce disease in a host.
Published	08/24/2024	Cell Injury first starts with _____________, and then ________.
Published	08/24/2024	Normal cells adapt to environmental changes which may lead to__________.
Published	08/24/2024	Once a cell's adaptive capacity is surpassed, then we start to see _______.Cell injury can be reversible (recovery), but past that point the cel…
Published	08/24/2024	Clinical signs of cell injury can occur_____ or ______ depending on what biochemical pathways or cells are affected.
Published	08/24/2024	______: attempts to detect biochemical changes. The functional changes to tissues and cells
Published	08/24/2024	________: attempts to detect morphological changes (changes on the structure).
Published	08/24/2024	Describe physical examples of cell injury that is visible on histo
Published	08/24/2024	Cell injury results in mainly __________ changes for degeneration (reversible).
Published	08/24/2024	Cell injury (Cell degeneration) causes failure of....
Published	08/24/2024	Cell Death (Cell Necrosis) causes....
Published	08/24/2024	Describe the 2 forms of cell death:
Published	08/24/2024	Causes of Cell Injury
Published	08/24/2024	For cells to maintain either normal or adapted homeostasis, they require ___________ & ______________.
Published	08/24/2024	Many agents damage cell membranes via ___________
Published	08/24/2024	________: highly reactive oxygen species with very short half-lives
Published	08/24/2024	When free-radicals get out of check, then Chain reactions such as ___________ can cause widespread membrane damage and more (failure of membrane funct…
Published	08/24/2024	There are endogenous and exogenous sources of free radicals: T/F
Published	08/24/2024	The Na-K-ATPase ion pump fails if _________________
Published	08/24/2024	Membrane damage is followed by influx of Na+, Ca++, and H20 into the cell and its organelles. This leads to_____________. ___________ will further dis…
Published	08/24/2024	__________ (through multiple biochemical mechanisms) is the most common reason for ATP depletion, as oxygen is vital for energy production.
Published	08/24/2024	Hypoxia may develop with a lesion anywhere from the nostrils down to mitochondrial enzymes and so may involve:
Published	08/24/2024	Oxygenated blood not reaching the tissues as a result of Hypoxia causes
Published	08/24/2024	In Hypoxia, ATP is produced by ___________ which: (3 key facts)
Published	08/24/2024	If you see on histo, cell _______or _________ you know that there is cell injury!!
Published	08/24/2024	Examples of something that can tolerate a lot of hypoxia
Published	08/24/2024	When does reversible cell injury become irreversible?
Published	08/24/2024	Irreversible cell injury equates to cell death (necrosis), by two different mechanisms:
Published	08/24/2024	T/F: Apoptosis cannot be physiological and also pathological
Published	08/24/2024	Example of physiological apoptosis
Published	08/24/2024	Example of pathological apoptosis
Published	08/24/2024	______= Dead-tissue that is firm and swollen.
Published	08/24/2024	__________= common in brain necrosis and in infections where neutrophils “liquify” tissue.
Published	08/24/2024	_______= Cheese-like appearance
Published	08/24/2024	__________= Combination of ischaemia and infection (dry and wet gangrene)
Published	08/24/2024	_________=  characterized by white, chalky areas (calcium fatty acids)
Published	08/24/2024	__________ is seen only microscopically, usually in vessel walls because of immune damage (very specific term relating to blood vessels)
Published	08/24/2024	___________= lack of blood supply to tissue
Published	08/24/2024	Necrosis (seen macroscopically) Morphological changes display:
Published	08/24/2024	What happens to necrotic tissue if the animal survives?
Published	08/24/2024	How can cell injury be diagnosed prior to death?
Published	08/24/2024	Explain Clinical Biochemistry
Published	08/24/2024	Examples of diagnostic enzymes that may detect specific cell injury
Published	08/24/2024	Name the red cell breakdown pigments
Published	08/24/2024	Haemoglobinuria
Published	08/24/2024	Name the important brown pigments (6)
Published	08/24/2024	Acid Haematin:
Published	08/24/2024	Lipofuscin
Published	08/24/2024	Bovine Porphyria
Published	08/24/2024	3 sorts of patterns in which photosensitization may occur:
Published	08/24/2024	__________= Refers to a sporadic benign deposition of melanin in various organs, especially lungs and aorta
Published	08/24/2024	________ = Is the most significant, non-pigmented depositIt is a proteinaceous deposit. A very stable protein! VERY difficult to get rid of.…
Published	08/24/2024	Amyloids can be _________ or __________ deposited. It will be deposited in a _________ location.
Published	08/24/2024	There are 2 important forms of protein that can bind together to form amyloid: Describe them
Published	08/24/2024	2 types of cell injury deposits in the pancreas:
Published	08/24/2024	2 basic types of Pathologic Calcification:
Published	08/24/2024	Dystrophic Calcification
Published	08/24/2024	Metastatic Calcification
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