Notes in BCM_B2

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Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following conversions shows reduction?a. NADH → NAD+b. Fe2+ → Fe3+c. FADH• → FADH2d. QH2 → Q
Published	10/21/2024	The sugar backbone of ATP has how many carbons?a. 3b. 4c. 5d. 6
Published	10/21/2024	The high-energy bonds of ATP are found in which group?a. Nitrogenous baseb. Sugarc. Phosphated. Triphosphonate
Published	10/21/2024	The first law of thermodynamics is based on which of the following laws of conservation?a. Conservation of massb. Conservation of temperaturec. Conser…
Published	10/21/2024	This describes the amount of energy per unit temperature in a system that is NOT available to do work.a. Internal energyb. Free energyc. Entropyd. Ent…
Published	10/21/2024	The following are thermodynamic parameters which determine the direction and spontaneity of reactions EXCEPT:a. Enthalpyb. Temperaturec. Entropyd. Con…
Published	10/21/2024	Freezing water into ice cubes involves bond formation between water molecules. Its enthalpy change is therefore:a. Positive, and it releases heat.b. P…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following choices is most likely to be a spontaneous reaction?a. A reaction with no net change in free energyb. A reaction that hypotheti…
Published	10/21/2024	Describe the direction and spontaneity of a reaction with a negative Keq.a. Forms products and is spontaneousb. Forms products and is nonspontaneousc.…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements is incorrect?a. Catabolism involves the breakdown of larger molecules into small precursorsb. Anabolism involves the…
Published	10/21/2024	Coupled reactions usually have excess free energy by the end of the reaction. What is the fate of this free energy?a. It is lostb. It is storedc. It i…
Published	10/21/2024	Generally, high amounts of this energy sensor molecule stimulates metabolic pathways that produce ATPa. AMPb. Glucosec. ATPd. Pyruvate
Published	10/21/2024	Suppose the change in standard reduction potential of a reaction is doubled. Keeping the number of electrons transferred constant, what will be its ef…
Published	10/21/2024	The standard reduction potential of the half-reaction of fumarate to succinate is 0.030V. Which of the following will occur?a. Fumarate will lose elec…
Published	10/21/2024	Which amino acid is the reducing part of glutathione?a. Glycineb. Cysteinec. Glutamic acidd. Alanine
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following classes of oxidoreductases facilitates the direct transfer of oxygen onto a substrate?a. Oxidasesb. Dehydrogenasesc. Oxygenases…
Published	10/21/2024	Which complex in the electron transport chain (ETC) does not pump protons?a. Complex Ib. Complex IIc. Complex IIId. Complex IV
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following describes the chemiosmotic theory?a. ATP is directly synthesized by Complex IV.b. Proton gradients drive ATP synthesis via ATP …
Published	10/21/2024	What is the role of Complex II in the ETC?a. Transfers electrons from NADH to Coenzyme Qb. Pumps protons into the intermembrane spacec. Converts succi…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is true about Thermogenin (UCP1)?a. It is an inhibitor of Complex IV.b. It uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in brown fat.c. …
Published	10/21/2024	A mutation affecting Complex IV of the ETC would directly impair which process?a. Formation of NADHb. Reduction of oxygen to waterc. Proton pumping by…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the role of dinitrophenol (DNP) in oxidative phosphorylation?a. Inhibits electron transfer in Complex IIIb. Prevents ATP synthesis by uncoupli…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following best describes the action of malonate in the electron transport chain?a. Inhibits Complex Ib. Uncouples electron transport from…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following best describes the action of uncouplers in oxidative phosphorylation?a. Inhibits ATP synthase directlyb. Increases electron tra…
Published	10/21/2024	A deficiency in Complex I will likely result in which of the following conditions?a. Excess ATP productionb. Reduced proton gradient and impaired ATP …
Published	10/21/2024	What happens when cyanide binds to Complex IV of the ETC?a. Blocks electron transfer from cytochrome c to oxygenb. Enhances electron transfer through …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following disorders is associated with a deficiency in Complex I or IV, leading to lactic acidosis?a. MELASb. Myasthenia gravisc. Parkins…
Published	10/21/2024	Which process is disrupted in MELAS, resulting in a switch to anaerobic respiration?a. Oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoAb. Electron transfer from Co…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following occurs during non-shivering thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue?a. Increased ATP productionb. Decreased oxygen consumptionc. …
Published	10/21/2024	What is the total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose via glycolysis, TCA cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation?a. 12 ATPb. 20-22 ATPc. 30-32 ATPd. …
Published	10/21/2024	How many protons are pumped into the intermembrane space for every NADH molecule processed through Complexes I, III, and IV?a. 6 protonsb. 10 protonsc…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following molecules is an energy-rich electron carrier in the ETC?a. ADPb. NADHc. Acetyl CoAd. Glucose
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements best describe an enantiomer?a. Compounds with the same formula and structure, but they cause light to rotate in diff…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is not a disaccharide?a. Lactoseb. Raffinosec. Sucrosed. Lactulose
Published	10/21/2024	What is the difference between homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides?a. Homopolysaccharides have 2 or more different monomers repeating, heter…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following polysaccharides are found in plants as storage?a. Dextranb. Cellulosec. Chitind. Starch
Published	10/21/2024	Hydrogen peroxide, ferricyanide, and metals like copper and silver react with carbohydrates to form:a. Sugar acidsb. Sugar alcoholsc. Sugar estersd. G…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is the only non-reducing sugar (without reducing and non-reducing end)a. Lactoseb. Lactulosec. Sucrosed. Maltose
Published	10/21/2024	Select the carbohydrate that is administered as an intra-articular injection in cases of osteoarthritisa. Keratan sulfateb. Hyaluronic acidc. Heparind…
Published	10/21/2024	Linkage present in cellulose, which differentiates its structure from starch and glycogena. Alpha-1,4b. Alpha-1,6c. Beta-1,4d. Alpha-1,4 and alpha-1,6
Published	10/21/2024	Glucose is what type of sugar?a. Aldohexoseb. Aldopentosec. Ketohexosed. Ketopentose
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following projections depict carbohydrate structures in a linear manner?a. Haworthb. Fischerc. Both A and Bd. None of the Above
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following carbohydrates is found in DNA?a. Riboseb. Glucosec. Deoxyglucosed. Deoxyribose
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following are aldohexoses?a. Erythrose and riboseb. Erythrose and glucosec. Fructose and xylulosed. Glucose and mannose
Published	10/21/2024	True regarding carbohydrates:a. They can be classified as aldoses if they contain the ketone groupb. They have the general formula CnH2nOnc. Fischer p…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following glycosaminoglycans is also an anticoagulanta. Chondroitin sulfateb. Keratan sulfatec. Heparind. Hyaluronic acid
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following describes the relationship between D-glucose and D-galactose?a. They are meso-compoundsb. They are epimersc. They are anomersd.…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following does not contain at least one glycosidic linkage?a. Sucroseb. Amylosec. Lactosed. Mannose
Published	10/21/2024	The straight chain of glucose and fructose differ how?a. Units of unsaturationb. Number of carbon atomsc. Number of hydroxyl groupsd. Type of function…
Published	10/21/2024	Starch is a polymer ofa. Glucoseb. Amino acidsc. Sucrosed. Nucleic acids
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following serves the same purpose as starch but in animals?a. Glycogenb. Cellulosec. Glucosed. Fructose
Published	10/21/2024	What kind of bonds connect monosaccharides to one another?a. Peptide bondsb. Phosphoanhydride bondsc. Glycol Diester bondsd. Glycosidic bonds
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements about the energy investment phase of glycolysis is correct?a. Both ATP molecules used in glycolysis are consumed in …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements regarding the enzymes of the glycolytic pathway is/are TRUE?a. Aldolase is a hydrolase that catalyzes the aldol clea…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following metabolic shifts occurs in cancer cells exhibiting the Warburg effect?a. Cancer cells increase oxidative phosphorylation and re…
Published	10/21/2024	The aspartate-malate shuttle plays a critical role in transferring reducing equivalents (NADH) from the cytosol to the mitochondria for ATP production…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following glucose transporters is primarily responsible for glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and adipose tissue in response to insulin?a…
Published	10/21/2024	In glycolysis, which of the following incorrectly describes a role of NAD+?a. It is reduced to NADH during the conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphat…
Published	10/21/2024	If all the reducing equivalents produced in glycolysis will be transferred inside the mitochondria using the glycerophosphate shuttle instead of the a…
Published	10/21/2024	Which organ/tissue in the body is responsible for 50% of total sugar consumption and 20% of total oxygen consumption as fuel?a. Liverb. Kidneyc. Muscl…
Published	10/21/2024	The step in glycolysis catalyzed by pyruvate kinase is characterized by which of the following?a. It catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to phosphoen…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the significance of the first step of glycolysis?a. It is reversible, allowing glucose-6-phosphate to enter various metabolic pathways, includ…
Published	10/21/2024	Fruits such as apples are rich in fructose. At which part of the gastrointestinal tract do we expect to have the highest amount of fructose intake upo…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the net ATP contribution of the reducing equivalents formed in glycolysis per glucose molecule?a. 2 ATP moleculesb. 2.5 ATP moleculesc. 4 ATP …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements is/are FALSE regarding glucose transporters in the body?a. SGLT 1 is responsible for the transfer of glucose from in…
Published	10/21/2024	Why is the formation of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate necessary before substrate-level phosphorylation can occur?a. These intermedia…
Published	10/21/2024	Why is the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) to fructose-6-phosphate (F6P) crucial for the progression and efficiency of glycolysis?a. The is…
Published	10/21/2024	How do mutations in the SLC2A1 gene (GLUT 1 transporter) in De Vivo disease affect brain metabolism and neurological symptoms?a. The mutation reduces …
Published	10/21/2024	What enzyme is found in human saliva and is responsible for breaking down starch into maltose and dextrins?a. Chymotrypsinb. Elastasec. Ptyalind. β-am…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following enzymes in the glycolytic pathway catalyzes a reversible step?a. Hexokinaseb. Phosphofructokinase-1c. Enolased. Pyruvate kinase
Published	10/21/2024	What is a possible consequence if 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) were utilized to form 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG) instead of being directly …
Published	10/21/2024	How do cytosolic and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase and transaminase differ in the aspartate-malate shuttle?a. Cytosolic malate dehydrogenase conv…
Published	10/21/2024	Which type of hexokinase is found in the liver and beta cells of pancreas, and does not get easily saturated at high glucose concentrations?a. Type 1b…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements accurately describes the regulation and inhibition mechanisms involved in the glycolytic pathway?a. Fructose-2,6-bis…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following factors does NOT directly inhibit key enzymes in the TCA cycle?a. NADHb. Succinyl-CoAc. ADPd. ATP
Published	10/21/2024	The conversion of succinyl-CoA to succinate is coupled with the formation of GTP/ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation. Why is this reaction ene…
Published	10/21/2024	The oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate is a key regulatory step in the TCA cycle. Which of the following factors allostericall…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme in the TCA cycle is membrane-bound and also functions as Complex II of the electron transport chain?a. Isocitrate dehydrogenaseb. α-Ketog…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following enzymes in the TCA cycle does not have a 6-carbon intermediate as its substrate?a. Citrate synthaseb. Aconitasec. Isocitrate de…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following explains the amphibolic nature of the TCA cycle?a. It serves both catabolic and anabolic processes by breaking down acetyl-CoA …
Published	10/21/2024	Arsenic poisoning can inactivate the TCA cycle by targeting which cofactor of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?a. Thiamine pyrophosphateb. Lipoic ac…
Published	10/21/2024	Thiamine deficiency impairs the activity of which enzyme in the TCA cycle, leading to a decrease in ATP production and a buildup of lactic acid?a. Iso…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme in the TCA cycle requires Mn2+ as a cofactor as it assists in the stabilization of the intermediate formed in the reaction that the enzym…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme in the TCA cycle is considered to be analogous to the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?a. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenaseb. Isocitrate dehydr…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is the most common anaplerotic reaction in the TCA cycle?a. conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylaseb. co…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following intermediates in the TCA cycle is most likely involved in the formation of important red blood cell proteins such as hemoglobin…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following intermediates in the TCA cycle is most likely involved in the formation of purines such as adenine and guanine?a. Citrateb. Oxa…
Published	10/21/2024	The virulence of which bacterial disease can be linked with the glyoxylate cycle?a. Tuberculosisb. Denguec. Hepatitis Ad. Meningitis
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is a key enzyme in the glyoxylate cycle that catalyzes the conversion of isocitrate to glyoxylate?a. Isocitrate lyaseb. Citrate…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding covalent modification of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1)?a. Activation of E1 is done via dephospho…
Published	10/21/2024	Which disease is a result of thiamine deficiency, leading to problems in the function of the cardiovascular system?a. Dry beriberib. Wet beriberic. We…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the net ATP contribution of the reducing equivalents formed in the TCA cycle per glucose molecule?a. 10 ATP moleculesb. 18 ATP moleculesc. 20 …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements is/are TRUE regarding the mechanism of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHC)?a. The pyruvate dehydrogenase compl…
Published	10/21/2024	What organelle is found in plants and bacteria and is involved in the glyoxylate cycle and fatty acid oxidation?a. Peroxisomesb. Glyoxysomesc. Chlorop…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the primary metabolic advantage of the glyoxylate cycle in organisms utilizing fatty acids as a carbon source?a. It generates ATP directly fro…
Published	10/21/2024	Which organ is primarily responsible for gluconeogenesis under normal conditions?a. Brainb. Liverc. Muscled. Heart
Published	10/21/2024	Which molecule is an allosteric inhibitor of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in gluconeogenesis?a. Acetyl-CoAb. AMPc. NADHd. FADH2
Published	10/21/2024	Which substrate is primarily used for gluconeogenesis during anaerobic glycolysis in muscles?a. Pyruvateb. Lactatec. Glycerold. Alanine
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme is responsible for the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis?a. Pyruvate dehydrogenaseb. Pyruvate carboxylasec. Pyruv…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following hormones stimulates gluconeogenesis?a. Insulinb. Glucagonc. Cortisold. Both B and C
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following steps in gluconeogenesis requires the malate-aspartate shuttle?a. Conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvateb. Conversio…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is not a gluconeogenic substrate?a. Alanineb. Glycerolc. Acetyl-CoAd. Lactate
Published	10/21/2024	Which molecule acts as a positive allosteric activator of pyruvate carboxylase?a. NAD+b. Acetyl-CoAc. Glucagond. AMP
Published	10/21/2024	What is the energy requirement for converting pyruvate to glucose in gluconeogenesis?a. 2 ATPb. 4 ATPc. 6 ATPd. 8 ATP
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme catalyzes the conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to glucose in gluconeogenesis?a. Hexokinaseb. Glucose-6-phosphatasec. Glucokinased. Phosp…
Published	10/21/2024	In which cellular compartment does the conversion of pyruvate to oxaloacetate occur?a. Cytosolb. Mitochondriac. Endoplasmic reticulumd. Golgi apparatu…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following inhibits gluconeogenesis by increasing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate?a. Glucagonb. Insulinc. Cortisold. Epinephrine
Published	10/21/2024	A patient with impaired kidney function presents with low blood glucose levels during prolonged fasting. Which of the following is the most likely rea…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following amino acids is not gluconeogenic?a. Alanineb. Lysinec. Glutamined. Asparagine
Published	10/21/2024	How does the Cori cycle process occur?a. Conversion of lactate to glucose in muscles and its transport to the liverb. Transport of glucose from the li…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following enzymes is inhibited by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate?a. Phosphofructokinase-1b. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatasec. Glucose-6-phosphatas…
Published	10/21/2024	Which cofactor is required for the enzyme pyruvate carboxylase?a. NAD+b. Biotinc. Thiamined. FAD
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme bypasses the glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase in gluconeogenesis?a. Pyruvate dehydrogenaseb. Pyruvate carboxylasec. PEP carboxykinased. …
Published	10/21/2024	Which molecule provides the energy required for the conversion of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate in gluconeogenesis?a. ATPb. GTPc. NADHd. FADH2
Published	10/21/2024	A person with type 1 diabetes skips their insulin injection and is found to have high levels of blood glucose and ketones. Which of the following is m…
Published	10/21/2024	A researcher inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in hepatocytes. Which of the following would you expect as an immediate result?a. Accumulation of fr…
Published	10/21/2024	A child with growth delay, hepatomegaly, and fasting hypoglycemia is found to have normal glycogen structure. Deficiency of which of the following enz…
Published	10/21/2024	A patient with diabetes receives insulin after a meal. How does insulin influence glycogen metabolism in the liver?a. Inhibits glycogen synthase by in…
Published	10/21/2024	A 3-year-old child is brought to the clinic due to muscle weakness and difficulty walking. Laboratory findings show elevated creatine kinase and no hy…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following best describes the role of liver glycogen?a. Fuel for muscle contractionb. Source of glucose for the entire bodyc. Provides lac…
Published	10/21/2024	A patient presents with exercise-induced muscle cramps and myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsy shows increased glycogen stores but no increase in lactate lev…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the final product of glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscle?a. Free glucoseb. Lactatec. Glucose-6-phosphated. both A and C
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following pathways is most directly inhibited by the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) in response to glucagon?a. Glycogenolysisb. Gly…
Published	10/21/2024	A 5-year-old boy with hepatomegaly, mild hypoglycemia, and developmental delay is diagnosed with Hers disease. Which enzyme is deficient?a. Gluc…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following conditions is characterized by the accumulation of abnormal glycogen with long outer branches and few branch points, often lead…
Published	10/21/2024	A key regulatory step in glycogenolysis is the activation of glycogen phosphorylase. Which of the following is required for this activation in muscle?…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements best describes the role of glucose-6-phosphatase in glycogenolysis?a. It converts glucose-1-phosphate to glucose-6-p…
Published	10/21/2024	A deficiency in which enzyme results in abnormal glycogen structure with shorter outer branches, leading to fasting hypoglycemia?a. Glycogen phosphory…
Published	10/21/2024	Glycogen synthase is most active when it is:a. Phosphorylatedb. Dephosphorylatedc. Bound to AMPd. Inhibited by cAMP
Published	10/21/2024	A 10-year-old boy presents with hepatomegaly, growth retardation, and hypoglycemia. Blood tests reveal elevated lactate levels and hyperlipidemia. Aft…
Published	10/21/2024	During a fasting state, a patient with McArdle disease (GSD V) is expected to experience muscle cramps during exercise. Which metabolic defect explain…
Published	10/21/2024	A 35-year-old man with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus is being educated about the effects of insulin. Which of the following best explains h…
Published	10/21/2024	A patient presents with signs of exercise intolerance, including muscle cramping and early fatigue. Blood tests show elevated creatine kinase, and mus…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme initiates the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in the liver during glycogenesis?a. Hexokinaseb. Glucokinasec. Glycogen phosph…
Published	10/21/2024	The enzyme responsible for creating the α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in glycogen is:a. Glycogen synthaseb. Amylo-4,6-transferasec. Phosphoglucomutased. G…
Published	10/21/2024	Which hormone is primarily responsible for activating glycogenolysis during periods of acute stress or exercise?a. Glucagonb. Cortisolc. Epinephrined.…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following enzymes is allosterically activated by AMP and responds to low energy states, particularly during intense exercise?a. Glycogen …
Published	10/21/2024	During prolonged fasting, liver glycogenolysis provides glucose to maintain blood glucose levels. What is the primary fate of glucose-6-phosphate (G6P…
Published	10/21/2024	In which condition would the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway be most active?a. When the cell requires more ribose-5-phosphate for…
Published	10/21/2024	A deficiency in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) has been linked to hemolytic anemia due to the inability to generate sufficient NADPH. Why is…
Published	10/21/2024	In which type of cells do we expect to have a high rate of PPP?a. Skeletal muscle cellsb. Red blood cellsc. Adipocytesd. Both b and c.
Published	10/21/2024	G6P dehydrogenase is regulated by what mechanism?a. Positive feedbackb. Negative feedbackc. Competitive inhibitiond. Irreversible inhibition
Published	10/21/2024	The galactose pathway directly overlaps with what pathway?a. Glycogenolysisb. Gluconeogenesisc. PPPd. Cori Cycle
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is incorrectly paired?a. Enzyme: Transaldolase ;  Reactant: Sedoheptulose-7-phosphateb. Enzyme: Transaldolase ;  Reac…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements about fructose metabolism is FALSE?a. Fructose metabolism in the liver bypasses the regulatory steps of glycolysis, …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following statements about disorders related to fructose metabolism is FALSE?a. Essential Fructosuria results from a deficiency of fructo…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme of the oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway?a. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseb. Phosphofructok…
Published	10/21/2024	What is the function of transketolase in the pentose phosphate pathway?a. Oxidizes glucose-6-phosphateb. Transfers two-carbon units between sugarsc. G…
Published	10/21/2024	Where does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway occur?a. Mitochondriab. Nucleusc. Cytoplasmd. Endoplasmic reticulum
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following processes are reversible?a. Oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathwayb. Non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pat…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is true about NADPH?a. It is a cofactor converted to ATP in the electron transport chainb. It is equivalent to 2.5 ATPs per uni…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is a key product of the oxidative phase of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?a. Pyruvateb. NADPHc. ATPd. Glucose-6-Phosphate
Published	10/21/2024	What is the main purpose of the ribose-5-phosphate produced in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP)?a. It enters the Krebs cycleb. It is used to genera…
Published	10/21/2024	Which enzyme in the Pentose Phosphate Pathway (PPP) requires Vitamin B1 as a cofactor?a. Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenaseb. Aldolasec. Hexokinased. T…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is the most important function of red blood cells (RBCs)?a. Transporting nutrientsb. Producing antibodiesc. Transporting oxygen…
Published	10/21/2024	Which process stimulates erythropoiesis in the bone marrow?a. Increase in blood pHb. High oxygen levelsc. Low oxygen levelsd. High hemoglobin count
Published	10/21/2024	Which blood type is the universal donor?a. Ab. Bc. ABd. O
Published	10/21/2024	Which protein is responsible for the structural integrity and flexibility of the RBC membrane?a. Glycophorinb. Actinc. Spectrind. Hemoglobin
Published	10/21/2024	How does glucose enter red blood cells?a. Active transportb. Simple diffusionc. Facilitated diffusion via GLUT1d. Cotransport with sodium
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is NOT a function of the RBC membrane proteins?a. Providing structural strengthb. Transporting oxygenc. Maintaining the biconca…
Published	10/21/2024	In which form does hemoglobin bind oxygen most effectively?a. Tense formb. Relaxed formc. Denatured formd. Strengthened form
Published	10/21/2024	What molecule is produced in the pentose phosphate pathway and plays a crucial role in protecting RBCs from oxidative damage?a. ATPb. NADPHc. Glucosed…
Published	10/21/2024	What happens in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency?a. RBCs have an increased lifespanb. The HMP shunt functions normallyc. There is i…
Published	10/21/2024	Which metabolic pathway is primarily responsible for ATP production in red blood cells (RBCs)?a. Embden-Meyerhof pathwayb. Luebering-Rapoport shuntc. …
Published	10/21/2024	What is the main role of 2,3 BPG (bisphosphoglycerate) in RBCs?a. To maintain membrane integrityb. To reduce oxygen affinity of hemoglobinc. To transp…
Published	10/21/2024	Which condition results from the mutation of the HBB gene, affecting the shape of RBCs?a. Hereditary spherocytosisb. Hemolytic anemiac. Sickle cell an…
Published	10/21/2024	What stimulates the kidneys to produce erythropoietin (EPO)?a. Low hemoglobin levelsb. High oxygen levelsc. High red blood cell countd. Increased carb…
Published	10/21/2024	In which condition is the RBC membrane more prone to destruction due to loss of biconcavity?a. Hereditary spherocytosisb. Hemolytic anemiac. Rh incomp…
Published	10/21/2024	What causes the Bohr effect in red blood cells?a. Decreased CO2 levelsb. Increased H+ concentrationc. Increased oxygen affinityd, Elevated ATP levels
Published	10/21/2024	In Rh incompatibility, which combination of mother and baby Rh types leads to complications?a. Rh-positive mother, Rh-negative babyb. Rh-negative moth…
Published	10/21/2024	Which protein is involved in the anion exchange process of chloride and bicarbonate in RBCs?a. Glycophorin Ab. Band 3c. Spectrind. Ankyrin
Published	10/21/2024	Which RBC-related disease is characterized by rigid and sticky RBCs that can block blood flow?a. Sickle cell anemiab. Hemolytic anemiac. Hereditary sp…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is not an agranulocyte?a. Monocyteb. Lymphocytec. Neutrophilsd. NK Cells
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is not an APC?a. Monocytesb. Dendritic cellsc. B cellsd. T cells
Published	10/21/2024	Diapedesis rely on what molecule for attachment to the endothelium?a. Integrinsb. Chemokinesc. Cytokinesd. Histamine
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following chemokine types has its cysteine residues separated by only one intervening amino acid?a. Cb. CCc. CXCd. CX3C
Published	10/21/2024	Which is false about leukocyte adhesion deficiency syndrome?a. CD18 is mutatedb. The mutation is autosomal recessivec. Can be diagnosed by flow cytome…
Published	10/21/2024	A pathogen is opsonized. Which of the following is true?a. Increased phagocytosis due to improved binding of the pathogen to the phagocyteb. Increased…
Published	10/21/2024	Which is false about spherocytosis?a. It can be either autosomal recessive or dominant, but not bothb. The band 3 gene is one mutation site that can l…
Published	10/21/2024	Which is true about sickle cell anemia?a. The mutation causes a substitution of the glutamic acid residue to valine (Glu→Val)b. More common in those w…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following will lead to RH incompatibility?a. Father: Rh+ and Mother: Rh+b. Father: Rh+ and Mother: Rh-c. Father: Rh- and Mother: Rh+d. Fa…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is false regarding respiratory burst?a. Respiratory burst is the physiological production of ROS for the lysis of phagocytized …
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is false about T cellsa. T cells do not produce antibodiesb. HTLs recognize MHCII which can be present on dendritic cellsc. CTL…
Published	10/21/2024	Allergies are caused by what part of the immune system?a. Antibodiesb. Lymphocytesc. Both are trued. Both are false
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is false a. If you receive a vaccine for a particular virus, you are protected from that virus in the future but you are n…
Published	10/21/2024	Immunoglobulins are produced in what cells?a. Immature B cellsb. Plasma cellsc. Developing B cell inside the bone marrowd. Both A and B are correct
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is false about B cell activation?a. The pathogen is recognized by the B cell via its membrane-bound antibodyb. Antigen presenta…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is not a function of antibodiesa. Opsonization of pathogens for increased phagocytosis in phagocytesb. Mediate allergic reactio…
Published	10/21/2024	A child comes into the clinic with a fever. After inspection, you deduce that it might be Dengue. The mother said that it might be due to the child pl…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following immunoglobulins can exist as an oligomer?a. IgAb. IgDc. IgEd. IgG
Published	10/21/2024	The amino group of the Ig light chain is found where?a. VL regionb. CL regionc. VH regiond. CH region
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following domains of the heavy chain is found in the Fc region of the antibody?a. VHb. CH1c. CH2d. Both B and C are correct
Published	10/21/2024	Autoimmune diseases are caused by mutations in what part of the immunoglobulin?a. Variable regionsb. Constant regionsc. Hinge regiond. Fc region
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is false about genetic control of antibodies?a. An immunoglobulin gene can potentially produce multiple variations of the prote…
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following isotype switch is possible?a. IgM to IgDb. IgM to IgAc. IgG to IgDd. IgG to IgA
Published	10/21/2024	Which of the following is the primary source of plasma protein synthesis?a. Kidneysb. Spleenc. Liverd. Lymph nodes
Published	10/21/2024	Which plasma protein is responsible for iron transport in the blood?a. Albuminb. Ferritinc. Ceruloplasmind. Transferrin
Published	10/21/2024	What is the primary function of ceruloplasmin in iron metabolism?a. Reduces ferric iron to ferrous ironb. Oxidizes ferrous iron to ferric ironc. Trans…
Published	10/21/2024	Which protein is primarily responsible for iron storage in the body?a. Hemoglobinb. Haptoglobinc. Ferritind. Albumin
Published	10/21/2024	A deficiency in which plasma protein results in copper accumulation in Wilson’s disease?a. Ceruloplasminb. Albuminc. Transferrind. Ferritin
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