Notes in 13HemaDiseases

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Published	07/30/2024	A hemic murmur may be observed in patients with chronic {{c1::anemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	You may hear a bruit when very {{c1::thick::thin/thick}} blood flows through a vascular bed
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Menorrhagia}} is the increase in the intensity or severity of the monthly menstruation of women in their reproductive age
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hemarthrosis}} is the abnormal collection of blood in joint area
Published	07/30/2024	Normal MALE Hemoglobin (Hb) is {{c1::13-16 gm/dl}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal FEMALE Hemoglobin (Hb) is {{c1::12-14 gm/dl}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal FEMALE Hematocrit (HCT) is {{c1::40-48}}%
Published	07/30/2024	Normal MALE Hematocrit (HCT) is {{c1::42-50}}%
Published	07/30/2024	Normal MALE RBC is {{c1::4,600,000 – 6,200,000}}/cu.mm
Published	07/30/2024	Normal FEMALE RBC is {{c1::4,200,000 – 5,400,000}}/cu.mm
Published	07/30/2024	Normal WBC is {{c1::5,000 – 10,000}}/cu.mm
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Platelet is {{c1::200,000 –350,000}}/cu.mm
Published	07/30/2024	Neutrophils take up {{c1::60-70}}% of WBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Eosinophils take up {{c1::1-4}}% of WBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Basophils take up {{c1::0-0.5}}% of WBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Monocytes take up {{c1::2-6}}% of WBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Lymphocytes take up {{c1::20-30}}% of WBCs
Published	07/30/2024	blood in the stool not visible to the naked eye is called {{c1::occult blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::iliac crest}} is the preferred site for a bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
Published	07/30/2024	Mechanical heart valve related anemia is considered {{c1::hemolytic::classification}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 classifications of anemia:{{c1::HypoproliferativeBleedingHemolytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	You may simplify the manifestations of anemia into the following:{{c1::Pallor, Dyspnea on exertion, and general weakness}}
Published	07/30/2024	Different vitamin {{c1::B}} complexes contribute to the development of RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Most the most common type of anemia in all age groups is {{c1::iron-deficiency}} anemia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Plummer-Vinson Syndrome}} is a manifestation of iron-deficiency anemia where the tongue is smooth, sore, and beefy red. Dysphagia as well
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Angular cheilosis/stomatitis}} is a manifestation of iron-deficiency anemia where the tongue is dry with ridges and the oral angles have lesions
Published	07/30/2024	On average, it takes {{c1::120 days (~4 months)::time}} for RBC to perform its function and be metabolized again by {{c2::the spleen (reticuloendothel…
Published	07/30/2024	As the mature RBC is metabolized, it is separated into {{c1::globin::protein component}} and the {{c1::heme::iron component}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Globin::Globin/Heme}} will be transported and degraded to amino acids, which is needed for protein synthesis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heme::Globin/Heme}} can then be metabolized into {{c2::biliverdin}}, which will be processed into {{c2::bilirubin}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transferrin}} transports {{c2::Fe3+}} in and out the liver
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ferritin}} stores {{c2::Fe2+}} in the liver
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. ID-anemia 2. total iron binding capacity (TIBC){{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diagnostic Tests to diagnose ID-anemiaCBC (low Hb and HCT) -> {{c1::peripheral smear (hypoproliferative)}} -> {{c1::iron test}}
Published	07/30/2024	3 most used oral iron preparations:{{c1::Ferrous sulfate (mostly used)Ferrous gluconateFerrous fumarate}}and they are best absorbed with {{c2::vitamin…
Published	07/30/2024	Blood transfusions have a risk of hepatitis and hyper{{c1::calcemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aplastic}} anemia comes from decrease in or damage to marrow stem cells, damage to the microenvironment within the marrow, and replacement of th…
Published	07/30/2024	Chronic exposure to {{c1::benzene::chemical}} and its derivatives produce marrow aplasia
Published	07/30/2024	Common drugs that may induce marrow aplasia include {{c1::chloramphenicol, carbamazepine, and quinine::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fanconi syndrome}} is a genetic disorder that may trigger marrow aplasia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parvovirus::Viral}} infection may trigger marrow aplasia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::HLADR2}} overpresentation may trigger marrow aplasia
Published	07/30/2024	The best method for treating aplastic anemia is a {{c1::bone marrow transplant}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Anti-thymocyte globulin, Cyclosporine, and corticosteroids (controversial)::3}} may be given if aplastic anemia has an immunogenic cause
Published	07/30/2024	Blood transfusion products should be given if the patient is {{c1::s::as/s}}ymptomatic with aplastic anemia
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Megaloblastic}} anemia is caused by deficiencies of {{c2::Vitamin B12 and folic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Megaloblastic anemia 2. MCV (mean corpuscular volume){{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	In megaloblastic anemia, pancytopenia may develop along with {{c1::poikilocytosis}} which is the varying sizes and shape of RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Low consumption of {{c1::uncooked vegetables}} will cause folate deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Low consumption of {{c1::meat and dairy products}} will cause vitamin B12 deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Resection of the ileum, stomach, or pancreas may cause {{c1::vitamin B12}} deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-folate drugs like {{c1::sulfonamides and cancer chemotherapy drugs}} may cause folic acid deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Folic acid supplements should be given to patients who have {{c1::chronic hemolytic anemia, are pregnant, or have malasbsorptive disorders}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pernicious::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia has neurological symptoms
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pernicious::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia manifests with beefy red sore tongue
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Folic acid::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia manifests with failure to gain weight
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Folic acid::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia manifests with chronic diarrhea
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pernicious::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia manifests with jaundice
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pernicious::Folic acid/Pernicious}} anemia manifests with hepatosplenomegaly
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Vitamin B12}} is cofactor for the synthesis of {{c1::thymidine}} that plays a role in DNA synthesis. It also is a cofactor in normal {…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Schilling’s}} test identifies {{c2::Vitamin B12}} deficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Serum folate in cobalamin deficiency is {{c1::normal-increased::dec/norm/inc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serum methylmalonic acid in cobalamin deficiency is {{c1::increased::dec/norm/inc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serum methylmalonic acid in folic acid deficiency is {{c1::normal::dec/norm/inc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serum homocysteine level in folic acid deficiency is {{c1::increased::dec/norm/inc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Serum homocysteine level in cobalamin deficiency is {{c1::increased::dec/norm/inc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vitain B12 injections for megaloblastic anemia follows a {{c1::daily::daily/weekly}} regimen for the first week then {{c1::weekly::daily/weekly}} for …
Published	07/30/2024	Neutropenia and Thrombocytopenia may result from hypercellularity in the bone marrow from {{c1::Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS)}}
Published	07/30/2024	A patient undergoing chemotherapy may be administered with {{c1::Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)}} if suffering from ne…
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Leukemia]80% - 85% of all childhood leukemiaAcute {{c1::lymphocytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Leukemia]95% chance of obtaining remission with a 75% 5-year survival rateAcute {{c1::lymphocytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Leukemia]Granulocytic and monocytic lineageAcute {{c1::non-lymphocytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Leukemia]60% - 80% remission with treatmentAcute {{c1::non-lymphocytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Types of Leukemia]30% - 40% cure rateAcute {{c1::non-lymphocytic}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)::Leukemia}} affects {{c2::immature myeloid WBC (blasts)::cell involved}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)::Leukemia}} affects {{c2::Myeloid stem cells}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)::Leukemia}} affects {{c2::Immature T or B cells and macrophages}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)::Leukemia}} affects {{c2::Lymphoid B or T cell}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)::Leukemia}} Is caused by {{c2::Oncogene mutation and single myeloblast mutation}} in the cell
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)::Leukemia}} Is caused by {{c2::Philadelphia chromosomal (22) translocation}} in the cell
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)::Leukemia}} Is caused by {{c2::Chromosomal aberration}} in the cell
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)::Leukemia}} Is caused by malignant clone of the B lymphocyte and they are {{c2::m::imm/m}}ature
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)::Leukemia}} results in pancytopenia hepato/splenomegaly, hyperplasia of {{c2::gums}} and bone pain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)::Leukemia}} results in Anemia, low platelet but with WBC > {{c2::100,000}} and leukostasis in the {{c3::l…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)::Leukemia}} results in Disturbed marrow function
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)::Leukemia}} results in swelling of lymph nodes and hepatosplenomegaly and of course, lymphocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)::Leukemia}} is common among {{c3::>55-60 y/o}} {{c4::m::m/fem}}ales with a prevalence of {{c2::30}}%
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL)::Leukemia}} is common among {{c3::children}} with a prevalence of {{c2::33}}%
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML)::Leukemia}} is common among {{c3::adults (RARE in children or <20 y/o)}} with a prevalence of {{c2::90}}%
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)::Leukemia}} is common among {{c3::adults and children (bimodal)}} and peaks at {{c4::60}} years with a prevalence o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)}} is the most common nonlymphocytic leukemia
Published	07/30/2024	A patient with AML and chemotherapy might survive for {{c1::1-3 years::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	A patient with AML w/o chemotherapy might survive for {{c1::2-5 months::time}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Peripheral Blood Smear::Diagnostic Test}} - Proliferation of immature or abnormal cells detected
Published	07/30/2024	Induction chemotherapy for AML consists of {{c1::Cytarabine (also for consolidation), Daunorubicin, Idarubicin and Etoposide::4 drugs}}
Published	07/30/2024	To avoid chemotherapy in a patient with AML, you can perform a {{c1::bone marrow transplant}}
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with {{c1::CML::leukemia}} may experience a accelerated/blast crisis (acute phase) where resistance is lower because all cells are immature
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with CML may be treated with {{c1::interferon-alpha}} or {{c1::cytosine}} to correct the chromosomal abnormality
Published	07/30/2024	Patients with CML may be treated with {{c1::hydroxyurea, busulfan, and daunomycin::3 drugs}} to reduce leukocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	CLL chemotherapeutic agents may include {{c1::Fludarabine, Chlorambucil, Corticosteroids::3 drugs}}
Published	07/30/2024	CLL monoclonal antibodies may include {{c1::Rituximab, Alemtuzumab::2 drugs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Septicemia associated increased consumption of platelets where half-life is decreased is called {{c1::Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC…
Published	07/30/2024	A platelet count of > {{c1::50,000}}/mm3 may generally result in just excessive bleeding after surgery
Published	07/30/2024	A platelet count of < {{c1::20,000}}/mm3 may generally result in petichiae, epistaxis, gingival bleeding, mnorrhagia
Published	07/30/2024	A platelet count of < {{c1::5,000}}/mm3 may generally result in deadly spontaneous CNS or GI bleeding
Published	07/30/2024	{{c3::Hodgkin's lymphoma}} is a {{c7::malignant::malignant/benign}} condition which is associated with the {{c6::epstein-barr}} virus and twice as pre…
Published	07/30/2024	Hodgkin's lymphoma is believed to come from {{c1::a single::a single/multiple}} location/s with 2/3 of cases from the {{c2::cervical}} lymph nodes
Published	07/30/2024	If Hodgkin's lymphoma comes from {{c1::below::above/below}} the diaphragm, this frequently spreads to extralymphoid sites and may be a sign of distant…
Published	07/30/2024	Nodes of Hodgkin's lymphoma are movable and {{c1::nont::nont/t}}ender
Published	07/30/2024	In hodgkin's lymphoma, {{c1::alcohol::substance}} induces pain
Published	07/30/2024	The B symptoms of Hodkin's and nonHodgkin's lymphoma are {{c1::fever, night sweats, and weightloss}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nodular sclerosis}} is the most frequent type of Hodgkin's lymphoma (68%)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mixed cellularity}} is the most frequent type of Hodgkin's lymphoma in older persons
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphocyte predominance}} is the most common type of Hodgkin's lymphoma in young males
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphocyte predominance}} is a type of Hodgkin's lymphoma where spread is diffuse in cervical nodes or vaguely nodular
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphocyte depletion}} is a type of Hodgkin's lymphoma where prognosis is the poorest
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lymphocyte predominance and nodular sclerosis (2 actually)}} is a type of Hodgkin's lymphoma where prognosis is the best
Published	07/30/2024	[Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging]Involvement of 1 lymph nodeStage {{c1::I}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging]Involvement of 2 or more lymph nodes on one side of diaphragmStage {{c1::II}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging]Lymph node involvement above and below the diaphragmStage {{c1::III}}
Published	07/30/2024	[Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging]Involvement outside the diaphragmStage {{c1::IV}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Prognosis 1. Hodgkin's lymphoma 2. Nonhodgkin's lymphoma{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma}} is a heterogenous (multiple groups) group of {{c4::malignant::malignant/benign}} neoplasms of the immune system affecti…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Rituximab, Ibritumomab, Tiuxetan, Tositumomab, and α-Interferon::5 drugs}} are used in the management of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c4::Multiple myeloma}} is the abnormal proliferation of {{c1::plasma}} cells and increased production of {{c2::nonfunctional specific immunoglobulin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hyper::hyper/hypo}}{{c2::calcemia}} is a complication of multiple myeloma from the production of {{c3::osteoclast activating factors (OAF)}}&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::proteinuria and renal failure}} are complications of multiple myeloma from the increase in the production of nonfunctional immunoglobulins
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Multiple myeloma 2. Plasma viscosity{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	In multiple myeloma, there is increased Ig{{c1::G}} catabolism
Published	07/30/2024	Review the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma to understand the complications and manifestations{{c1::lolo mo}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serum electrophoresis::Diagnostic Test}} - The most important pathognomonic test for multiple myeloma
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Multiple myeloma}} can be suggested when finding lytic lesions in the {{c1::frontal}} bone
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