Notes in Autophagy

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Published	09/07/2023	{{C1::Autophagy}} is the process of a cell digesting itself or foreign intracellular material. It is a normal cellular process that plays a role in {{…
Published	09/07/2023	Autophagy can clear many things (protein aggregates, organelles, amyloid fibrils, bacteria, viruses, etc) & is especially useful in clearing thing…
Published	09/07/2023	What are the 5 stages of macroautophagy?
Published	09/07/2023	In the initiation stage of macroautophagy, a(n) {{c1::isolation membrane/phagophore}} forms around the material to be degraded in the cytoplasm.
Published	09/07/2023	In macroautophagy, after vesicle elongation occurs and the substrate is engulfed, a(n) {{c1::autophagosome}} is formed.
Published	09/07/2023	What type of membrane is an autophagosome bound by?
Published	09/07/2023	In the docking and fusion stage of macroautophagy, once the lysosome fuses with the autophagosome, a(n) {{c1::autolysosome}} is formed.
Published	09/07/2023	Why is a lysosome important in the process of autophagy?
Published	09/07/2023	What is the final product of autophagy?
Published	09/07/2023	What are the three forms of autophagy?
Published	09/07/2023	In chaperone-mediated autophagy, Hsp70 is a {{c1::chaperone}} that binds to a {{c1::KFERQ}} motif. This motif signals that there is a substrate that i…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Microautophagy}} (a type of autophagy) is a minor process that involves invagination of the autolysosome membrane and degradation of the sequest…
Published	09/07/2023	The breakdown of complex molecules (such as proteins) into smaller units that can be used to release energy is a proccess called {{c1::catabolism}}.
Published	09/07/2023	Autophagy is conserved from {{c1::yeast}} to humans.
Published	09/07/2023	The isolation membrane (phagophore) that occurs in initiation of autophagy most likely originates from specialized domains in the {{c1::endoplasmic re…
Published	09/07/2023	During the initiation phase of autophagy, {{c1::pro-LC3}} is cleaved, exposing a {{c2:glycine}} residue on {{c1::LC3}} that can be covalently linked b…
Published	09/07/2023	The two main ubiquitin-like conjugation systems that help govern autophagosome maturation are: {{c1::ATG5-ATG12}} and {{c1::LC3-ATG8}}. They assemble …
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Mitophagy}} is a form of macroautophagy that selectively degrades damaged mitochondria.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Aggrephagy}} is a form of macroautophagy that selectively degrades aggregates that are associated with neurodegeneration.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Pexophagy}} is a form of macroautophagy that selectively degrades perioxisomes.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Xenophagy}} is a form of macroautophagy that selectively degrades invading pathogens.
Published	09/07/2023	What types of signals regulate autophagy induction?
Published	09/07/2023	Autophagy plays an important role in normal cells processes. For example, in {{c1::development}} (autophagy is stimulated to degrade parts of the cyto…
Published	09/07/2023	BECN1 is a {{c1::tumor supressor gene}} - the deletion of this gene results in decreased autophagy and increased tumors (especially breast and ovarian…
Published	09/07/2023	How does autophagy limit cancer?
Published	09/07/2023	How does autophagy enable cancer?
Published	09/07/2023	How does autophagy handle intracellular bacteria?
Published	09/07/2023	Bacteria are capable of sabotaging autophagy to promote their own survival. Eis, Odema toxin, and Cholera toxin block the {{c1::induction}} of autopha…
Published	09/07/2023	Bacteria are capable of sabotaging autophagy to promote their own survival. IcsB, Act A, and InIK block the {{c1::autophagosome from re…
Published	09/07/2023	Bacteria are capable of sabotaging autophagy to promote their own survival. {{c1::RavZ and VirA}} block important autophagy components from assem…
Published	09/07/2023	Bacteria are capable of sabotaging autophagy to promote their own survival. ESAT-6 and VacA block {{c1::vesicle fusion}} to the autophagosome.
Published	09/07/2023	Protein {{c1::aggregation}} is common to many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Huntington's, Paget's disease of bone, spi…
Published	09/07/2023	Defective autophagy may cause what types of physiological effects/clinical presentation?
Published	09/07/2023	Proficient autophagy may cause what types of physiological effects/clinical presentation?
Published	09/07/2023	Autophagy {{c1::activators}} may be a smart way to manipulate the autophagy process if you are dealing with defective autophagy/neurodegenerative effe…
Published	09/07/2023	Autophagy {{c1::inhibitors}} may be a smart way to manipulate the autophagy process if you are dealing with proficient autophagy/tumor-promoting effec…
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