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Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat are the main questions to ask in plain film evaluation of congenital heart disease:- Patient appearance: {{c1…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary vascularity can be determined by examining the {{c1::peripheral 1/3::location}} of the lungs w…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased peripheral pulmonary vasculature suggests either {{c2::increased}} pulmonary {{c1::venous}} or pulmonary…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary {{c4::venous}} flow (pulmonary {{c2::edema}}) is seen when the {{c1::LV outflow trac…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary vascularity secondary to increased {{c1::venous::arterial/venous}} flow shows {{c2::indistinct…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary vascularity secondary to increased {{c1::arterial::arterial/venous}} flow ({{c3::shunt}} vascu…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary vascularity secondary to increased {{c1::arterial::arterial/venous}} flow occurs due to a {{c2…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacDecreased pulmonary arterial flow is due to {{c1::RV outflow tract}} insufficiency
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacOn radiograph, when is the heart smaller than normal?{{c1::Never}}, even in {{c2::hypoplastic left heart::congenit…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacNon-congenital heart causes of enlarged heart or abnormal pulmonary vasculature on radiograph include: - Intracard…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Bronchiolitis::infectious pathology}} can also mimic pulmonary {{c2::edema}}, particularly in children with …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEtiologies of increased pulmonary {{c5::venous}} flow (pulmonary edema) include:- {{c1::Hypoplastic}} left heart -…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEtiologies of increased pulmonary {{c5::arterial}} flow (shunt vascularity) include:- {{c1::Atrial septal defect (…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEtiologies of decreased pulmonary vascularity {{c3::with::with/without}} cardiomegaly include:- {{c1::Eb…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEtiologies of decreased pulmonary vascularity {{c3::without::with/without}} cardiomegaly include:- {{c1:…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEtiologies of increased pulmonary vascularity and cyanosis {{c6::without::with/without}} cardiomegaly include:- {{…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c2::Hypoplastic left heart (HLH)}} syndrome represents a spectrum of disorders affecting {{c3::any}} part of the…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn HLH syndrome, survival is dependent on {{c1::patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)}} to allow {{c2::right}} to {{c2::l…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacMechanism of left heart hypoplasia leading to cardiogenic shock (few days after birth):1. Patent PDA → {{c1::high:…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe most common extracardiac shunts causing neonatal CHF include {{c1::vein of Galen malformation}} and {{c2:…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhich type(s) of aortic coarctation may lead to CHF in infants?{{c1::Preductal (infantile) type}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAortic coarctation is associated with {{c1::bicuspid aortic}} valve, which may become {{c3::stenotic}} and cause p…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAortic coarctation is associated with {{c1::Turner (XO)}} syndrome, {{c1::Shone}} syndrome, and {{c2::intrace…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacRib notching secondary to aortic coarctation is {{c1::rarely::commonly/rarely}} seen
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAortic {{c1::coarcation}} on CXR classically shows the {{c2::3}} sign, representing the aortic contour in the left…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacASD usually presents in {{c2::late childhood or early adulthood::age demographics (2)}}, and is twice as common in…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::ASD::heart defect}} is rarely associated with {{c2::Holt-Oram}} syndrome, characterized by upper extremity {…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common (60% of cases) type of ASD?{{c1::Ostium secundum ASD}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacOstium secundum ASD occurs due to incomplete covering of the {{c2::ostium secundum}} by the {{c1::septum secundum}…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ostium secundum}} ASD is located in the region of the {{c2::fossa ovalis}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ostium secundum}} ASD may close without treatment, in contrast to other ASD types
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ostium secundum}} ASD is associated with {{c2::Ebstein}} anomaly
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the second most common (30% of cases) type of ASD?{{c1::Ostium primum ASD}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacOstium primum ASD occurs due to incomplete fusion of the {{c1::septum primum}} to the {{c2::endocardial cushi…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ostium primum}} ASD is associated with {{c2::Down}} syndrome
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ostium primum}} ASD is located in the {{c2::inferior::superior/inferior}} atrial septum and often seen with …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Sinus venosus}} ASD is a rare (5% of cases) form, located either near the {{c2::SVC}} or the {{c3::IVC}} adj…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Sinus venosus}} ASD is strongly associated with {{c2::partial anomalous pulmonary venous drainage (PAPVR)}},…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Coronary sinus ("unroofed")}} ASD is the rarest type of ASD (<1%)
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Coronary sinus}} ASD is associated with a persistent {{c2::left-sided SVC}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacASDs cause {{c1::right::left/right}} heart volume overload
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn the setting of ASD, the LA is typically {{c1::normal in size::enlarged/normal}} because blood leaves the {{c2::…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacASD initially results in {{c1::RA::chamber}} enlargement, followed by the {{c1::RV::chamber}}, and finally the {{c…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe majority (70%) of VSDs occur in the {{c1::membranous::muscular/membranous}} interventricular septum
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacVSDs mainly cause dilation of the {{c1::left::left/right}} heart 
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacImaging findings of VSDs are variable, however, the {{c1::left atrium}} is often enlarged causing splaying of the …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacUnrepaired VSDs result in {{c1::Eisenmenger}} syndrome, characterized by {{c2::pulmonary HTN}} and shunt {{c3::rev…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe ductus arteriosus connects the proximal {{c1::left pulmonary artery}} to the {{c1::descending aorta}}.
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe ductus arteriosus normally functionally closes by {{c1::48 hrs::time frame}} and anatomically by {{c1::1-3 mon…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) leads to a persistent {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunt
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPDA is associated with maternal {{c1::rubella::infection}} and {{c2::pre::pre/post}}-term infants.
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPatent ductus arteriosus (PDA) likely occurs due to elevated fetal {{c1::prostaglandins}}, causing inhibition…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacLarge PDAs have a characteristic {{c1::machine-like}} murmur and cause {{c2::CHF}} in infancy
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe classic presentation of PDA is a premature infant with radiographic signs of {{c2::CHF}} at {{c1::7-10 da…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTreatment for PDA is {{c1::medical (indomethacin)}} or {{c2::surgical (clip placement)}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Pre-natal U/S 32 weeks gestationFindings: Complete absence of the {{c1::interatrial}} septum and a larg…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c2::Atrioventricular}} septal defects are also known as {{c1::common AV canal}} or {{c3::endocardial cushion}} d…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAtrioventricular septal defects are strongly associated with {{c1::trisomy 21}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPrimitive {{c5::endocardial cushion}} is responsible for the formation of several structures in fetal development:…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c2::Ebstein}} anomaly is characterized by {{c3::apical}} displacement of the {{c4::septal}} and {{c4::posteroinf…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEbstein anomaly leads to {{c2::pulmonic valve}} and {{c2::RV outflow tract}} obstructions, and "atrialization" of …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacEbstein anomaly always has a concurrent {{c1::ASD::septal defect}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Ebstein}} anomaly on CXR shows a large, {{c2::box}}-shaped heart, massive {{c3::RA::heart chamber}} enlargem…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Cyanotic babyFindings: Massive {{c2::cardiomegaly}}, {{c3::reduced}} vascular markingsLines/tubes: {{c4…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat heart abnormality combo appears identical to Ebstein anomaly?{{c1::Pulmonary atresia}} w/ {{c1::intact ventri…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPulmonary atresia {{c2::with::with/without}} VSD most commonly has a(n) {{c1::normal::size}} heart.
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacComponents of Tetralogy of Fallot:{{c1::RV outflow tract obstruction}}{{c2::RV hypertrophy}}{{c3::VSD}}{{c4::Aorta…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacA severe form of Tetralogy of Fallot includes pulmonary {{c1::atresia}} {{c2::with::with or without}} a VSD
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe degree of cyanosis in Tetralogy of Fallot depends on degree of {{c1::RV outflow tract}} obstruction
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTetralogy of Fallot is associated with:{{c1::DiGeorge syndrome}}{{c2::VACTERL}}{{c3::Trisomy 21}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacOne-fourth of Tetralogy of Fallot cases have a {{c1::right-sided}} aortic arch
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTetralogy of Fallot on CXR shows a {{c1::boot}}-shaped heart and {{c2::decreased::increased/decreased}} pulmonary …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacSurgical treatment of Tetralogy of Fallot involves {{c1::VSD}} closure and opening of the {{c2::RV outflow tract o…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Child with cyanosisHeart: {{c4::Normal}}-sized, with an {{c1::upturned}} cardiac apex, {{c5::boot}…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Newborn with cyanosis, oblique plane ultrasoundFindings: Aorta is {{c1::anterior::anterior/posterior}} …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common cyanotic heart disease in newborns?{{c1::Transposition of the great arteries (TGA)}} 
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn transposition of the great arteries (TGA), the RV pumps into the {{c1::aorta}} and the LV pumps into the {{c1::…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Levo (L)-::Levo-/Dextro-}} transposition of the great arteries is compatible with life
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTransposition of great arteries (TGA) on U/S short- or long-axis view shows the aorta {{c1::anterior::anterior/pos…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe "classic" (though rarely seen) radiographic presentation of {{c2::(D)}}-TGA is the {{c1::egg-on-a string}} app…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn (D)-TGA, a {{c1::right}} aortic arch is seen in 5% of cases
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the surgical treatment for D-TGA?{{c1::Arterial switch (Jatene) procedure}} 
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTricuspid atresia with a {{c1::small::small/large}} VSD results in a(n) {{c2::normal}}-sized heart and {{c3::…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTricuspid atresia with a {{c1::large::small/large}} VSD results in a(n) {{c2::enlarged::size}} heart and {{c3::inc…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Truncus arteriosus}} is characterized by a single great artery originating from the base of the heart that u…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common type of congenital anomaly to have a right aortic arch (21-36% of cases)?{{c1::Truncus art…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacOne-third of truncus arteriosus cases are associated with {{c1::DiGeorge}} syndrome
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacTruncus arteriosus on CXR classically shows {{c1::cardiomegaly}}, {{c2::narrow}} mediastinum, and pulmonary {{c3::…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR)}} is characterized by all {{c3::pulmonary veins}} retur…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn the setting of TAPVR, there is an obligate interatrial {{c2::right}}-to-{{c2::left}} pathway to allow blood int…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacMain classifications of TAPVR, based on position of {{c5::venous}} drainage relative to heart:{{c1::Supracardiac (…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::supracardiac (type 1)}} TAPVR, anomalous venous return is {{c3::at}} or {{c3::above}} the …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::supracardiac (type 1)}} TAPVR, the common confluence of the pulmonary veins drains into the left {{c2::in…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Supracardiac (type 1) TAPVR}} on CXR shows the {{c2::snowman}} sign, with the dilated {{c3::vertical}} vein …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe snowman sign of supracardiac TAPVR is seen in {{c1::older::older/younger}} patients {{c2::without::with/withou…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::cardiac (type 2)}} TAPVR, anomalous drainage is into the {{c2::coronary sinus}} or {{c2::right atrium}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::infracardiac (type 3)}} TAPVR, anomalous drainage passes through the {{c3::diaphragm}} via the {{c2::esop…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::infracardiac (type 3)}} TAPVR, anomalous drainage eventually drains into either the {{c2::hepatic IVC}},&…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::infracardiac (type 3)}} TAPVR, pulmonary {{c3::edema}} can occur due to obstruction at the level of the {…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacObstructed TAPVR on CXR shows a {{c1::normal}}-sized heart with pulmonary {{c2::edema}} in an infant
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThree stages of hypoplastic left heart syndrome repair:Stage 1: {{c1::Norwood procedure}}Stage 2: {{c2::Bidirectio…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacStage 1 of hypoplastic left heart syndrome repair uses the {{c2::Norwood}} procedure, which is performed in the {{…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacStage 1 of hypoplastic left heart syndrome repair uses the Norwood procedure, which consists of three steps:1. A n…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is a potential complication of BT shunt (used in the Norwood procedure)?{{c1::Coronary steal phenomenon}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is an alternative to the BT shunt used in the Norwood procedure, which does not cause coronary steal?{{c1::Sa…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacNorwood procedures may use a {{c1::Sano}} shunt, which is an extracardiac conduit that connects the {{c2::right ve…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacStage 2 of hypoplastic left heart surgery replaces the BT shunt with a {{c1::bidirectional Glenn (BDG)}} shunt, co…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe BT shunt is replaced by the {{c1::BDG}} shunt once {{c3::pulmonary arterial}} resistance normalizes,…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is a potential complication of BDG shunt in the setting of treatment of hypoplastic left heart?{{c1::Pulmonar…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacPulmonary AVMs due to BDG shunts can regress after restoration of {{c1::hepatic venous flow}} to the lungs
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacStage 3 of hypoplastic left heart syndrome surgery uses the {{c2::Fontan}} procedure, which is a conduit between t…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe {{c2::Mustard }}and {{c2::Senning }}procedures are early surgical approaches used to correct {{c1::D-TGA}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Jatene (arterial switch)}} procedure for {{c2::D-TGA}} repair switches the {{c3::aorta}} and {{c3::pulmonary…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacA modified step of the Jatene procedure is the {{c1::LeCompte}} maneuver, which moves the pulmonary artery {{c2::a…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe Rastelli procedure for treatment of {{c4::D-TGA}} with associated {{c5::VSD}} and {{c5::LVOT}} involves c…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Visceroatrial situs}} describes the relationship between the thoracoabdominal viscera and atria
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is situs {{c2::solitus}}?{{c1::Normal conventional anatomy}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn situs inversus, the {{c1::left}} atrium, {{c3::spleen::throacoabdominal viscera}} and {{c3::stomach::throacoabd…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn situs inversus, the {{c1::right}} atrium, {{c3::liver::throacoabdominal viscera}} are on the {{c2::left}} side
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacSitus {{c1::inversus}} is associated with {{c2::primary ciliary dyskinesia}} ({{c2::Kartagener}} syndrome)
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacSitus {{c1::ambiguous/heterotaxy}} features neither situs solitus or inversus
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Right}}-isomerism of situs ambiguous (heterotaxy) features:- {{c2::Horizontal::positioning}} liver- {{c3::Ab…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Left}}-isomerism of situs ambiguous (heterotaxy) features:- {{c2::Multiple}} splenules- Interruption of the …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Left}}-isomerism of situs ambiguous (heterotaxy) is associated with {{c2::biliary}} atresia and {{c3::m…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Right}}-isomerism of situs ambiguous (heterotaxy) is associated with {{c2::severe congenital heart disease (…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common primary cardiac tumor in infants and children?{{c1::Rhabdomyoma}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacRhabdomyoma of the heart is strongly associated with {{c1::tuberous sclerosis}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Rhabdomyoma of the heart}} is the earliest sign of tuberous sclerosis that can be diagnosed in utero
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac rhabdomyomas usually present with {{c1::multiple::a single/multiple}} lesion(s)
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac rhabdomyomas are usually found in the {{c1::ventricles}} of the heart
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Rhabdomyomas::cardiac tumor}} on MRI are T1 {{c2::isointense}} to {{c2::hyperintense}}, T2 {{c3::hyperintens…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the treatment plan for cardiac rhabdomyomas?{{c1::Conservative (most regress in childhood)}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Fibroma}} is a rare {{c2::benign::benign/malignant}} cardiac tumor of infancy and early childhood, arising f…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac fibromas are most commonly seen in the {{c1::interventricular septum}}, commonly leading to {{c2::arrhythm…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common radiographic finding of cardiac fibroma?{{c1::Cardiomegaly}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacFor cardiac {{c1::fibroma::tumor}}, {{c2::central calcification}} on CT is pathognomonic
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac {{c1::fibroma}} on MRI shows {{c2::well::well/ill}}-defined mass that is T1 {{c3::hypo-to-isointense}} rel…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the treatment for cardiac fibromas?{{c1::surgical resection (do not typically involute, therefore treated)…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac fibromas usually present with {{c1::a single::a single/multiple}} lesion(s)
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the second most common cardiac tumor in neonates and fetuses?{{c1::Teratomas}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac {{c1::teratomas}} most commonly arise from the {{c2::pericardium}} of the heart, which may lead to {{c3::p…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacA common location for cardiac {{c1::teratomas::tumor}} is attached to the root of the {{c2::pulmonary artery}} and…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAre intramyocardial teratomas common?{{c1::No; rare}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacMassive perinatal pericardial effusion and tamponade are associated with pericardial {{c1::teratoma::tumor}} (more…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac {{c1::teratoma}} classically appears as a {{c2::multilocular}} cystic and solid mass abutting the {{c3::pu…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac teratomas on MRI are T1 {{c1::hypo- to isointense}} relative to myocardium, T2 {{c2::hyperintense}}, {{c3:…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the treatment of cardiac teratomas?{{c1::surgical excision}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac {{c1::hemangiomas}} are {{c3::benign::benign/malignant}} vascular tumors that occur in {{c2::any}} cardiac…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCardiac {{c1::hemangiomas}} on MRI are T2 {{c2::hyperintense}} and {{c3::hyper}}enhancing on 1st-pass myocardial p…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the treatment for cardiac hemangiomas?{{c1::surgical excision}}
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Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe modified Fontan procedure is performed at the onset of poor {{c2::systemic oxygenation}}, typically between {{…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe {{c7::Rastelli}} procedure can be used to treat:1. {{c1::D-TGA}} associated with {{c2::VSD}} and {{c2::left ve…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Dextro-transposition of great arteries, Post-repair axial CT angiogramThis is after a {{c1::Jatene (art…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Right-sided heart soundsImage: Shows {{c2::dextro}}cardiaYellow arrow: Right-sided {{c3::gastric bubble…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Prolonged neonatal jaundice, acholic stoolsKey finding: {{c1::Left}}-sided liverYellow arrow: {{c2…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCase: Infant with arrhythmia- large, well-circumscribed mass of the anteriolateral LV myocardium- {{c1::hypo}}enha…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary vascularity secondary to increased pulmonary arterial flow (shunt vascularity) tends to p…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Aortic coarctation}} is congenital focal narrowing of the aorta in the region of the {{c2::ductus arteriosus…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Juxtaductal}} and {{c2::postductal}} aortic coarctation variants present in {{c3::teenagers/early adults::de…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacAortic coarctation is associated with intracerebral {{c1::berry aneurysms::vascular abnormality}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIt is rare for cardiac shunt lesions to present in the neonatal period due to high {{c1::pulmonary vascular resist…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacLong-standing cardiac shunting on CXR shows {{c2::cardiomegaly}} and prominent, distinct {{c1::pulmonary arteries}…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCoronary sinus ASD is characterized by a partial or competely absent wall between the coronary sinus and {{c1::LA}…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacRight ventricular enlargement in ASD may show retrosternal {{c1::clear space}} on lateral CXR
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn ASD, by the time the lesion is symptomatic, shunt {{c1::vascularity}} is usually present on CXR.
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the treatment for ASD?{{c1::ASD closure (using Amplatzer device)}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacVSD is typically diagnosed {{c1::earlier::earlier/later}} than ASD, after the {{c2::first}} month of life
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common cyanotic heart disease of children and adults?{{c1::Tetralogy of Falot}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac(D)-TGA features ventriculoarterial {{c1::dis::dis/con}}cordance with atrioventricular {{c1::con::dis/con}}cordanc…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Dextro (D)-TGA::Levo/Dextro}} transposition of the great arteries without {{c2::flow admixture}} is inc…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac(L)-TGA features ventriculoarterial {{c1::dis::dis/con}}cordance and atrioventricular {{c1::dis::dis/con}}cordance
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Tricuspid atresia}} is absence or dysplasia of the tricuspid valve resulting in {{c2::no flow}} between the …
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIn {{c1::Mixed (type 4)}} TAPVR, the anomalous venous drainage is a combination of types 1-3
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric Cardiac{{c1::Single ("tingle") ventricle}} anomalies are all characterized by arteriovenous {{c2::admixture}} at the leve…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacDouble outlet right ventricle (DORV) can be considered a form of {{c1::single ("tingle") ventricle}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is the most common radiographic appearance of cardiac rhabdomyoma?{{c1::Cardiomegaly}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacMost congenital heart disease is diagnosed in utero during routine {{c1::fetal ultrasound::imaging study}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat is typically the imaging study of choice if a newborn has unexpected shortness of breath with concern for car…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCan congenital heart disease be determined from plain radiograph? {{c1::No}}Why order it? There is value in {{c2::…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacCauses of increased pulmonary venous flow (pulmonary edema) include {{c1::left}} heart insufficiency, {{…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacIncreased pulmonary arterial flow (shunt vascularity) tends to present in {{c1::childhood::infancy or childhood?}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhen is RV outflow tract insufficiency that causes decreased pulmonary arterial flow cyanotic?{{c1::ALWAYS}}
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacDecreased pulmonary arterial flow shows {{c1::decreased}} vasculature peripherally (peripheral 1/3rd).
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacWhat are other findings on plain radiograph that can help refine the diagnosis of congenital heart disease?- Speci…
Published 05/01/2023 Pediatric Imaging: Pediatric CardiacThe neonatal chest radiograph in hypoplastic left heart syndrome is usually {{c2::normal::normal or abnormal}}, {{…
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