Notes in Cell Cycle and Cell Death

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Published	09/03/2024	mitosis has {{c1::NO recombination/crossing over}} and results in {{c1::2 identical diploid cells}}meiosis has {{c1::recombination and …
Published	09/03/2024	the cell cycle is composed of {{c1::mitosis}} which is made of {{c1::PMAT}} and {{c1::interphase}} which is made of {{c1::G1, S, G…
Published	09/03/2024	states of DNA throughout the three phases of interphase?{{c1::G1: 46 chromosomes are loose chromatin fibers, each of which is 1 chromatid (single copy…
Published	09/03/2024	in {{c1::prophase}} the chromatin fibers {{c1::condense into individual chromosomes, with two sister chromatids}}, {{c1::centrosomes with ce…
Published	09/03/2024	in {{c1::prometaphase}}, the nuclear membrane and nucleolus {{c1::disintegrate}}, to allow the spindle fibers access to the chromatids
Published	09/03/2024	in {{c1::metaphase}} the chromosomes align along the {{c1::metaphase plate}} and the spindle fibers attach to centromeres at the {{c1::kinetochor…
Published	09/03/2024	in {{c1::anaphase}}, the {{c1::centrosomes}} pull the sister chromatids apart
Published	09/03/2024	in {{c1::telophase}}, a new {{c1::nuclear envelope}} forms around each centrosome and the chromosomes, which at this point are made up of&nb…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::prophase 1}} takes up 90% of the time it takes to do meiosis
Published	09/03/2024	prophase 1 is split into what 5 sections:1. {{c1::leptotene}}2. {{c2::zygotene}}3. {{c3::pachytene}}4. {{c4::diplotene}}5. {{c5::d…
Published	09/03/2024	in leptotene, {{c1::the 46 chromosomes (96 chromatids) condense}} and the {{c1::nuclear membrane}} disintegrates
Published	09/03/2024	in zygotene, {{c1::each of the 46 chromosomes finds its homologue}} and form {{c1::tetrads}}
Published	09/03/2024	in pachytene, {{c1::genetic material is exchanged between homologues}} which occurs through {{c1::crossing over}}
Published	09/03/2024	in diplotene, homologues begin to {{c1::pull away}} but are attached at {{c1::chiasmata}}
Published	09/03/2024	in diakinesis, the homologues pull apart and are {{c1::only connected at 1 chiasmata}}
Published	09/03/2024	at the end of meiosis 1, the two daughter cells have {{c1::23}} chromosomes each, making them {{c1::haploid}}
Published	09/03/2024	meiosis 2 results in 4 {{c1::haploid}} cells, each with {{c1::23 chromosomes that are each only 1 chromatid}}
Published	09/03/2024	the longest phase of interphase is {{c1::G1}}, after which the {{c1::G1 checkpoint}} occurs
Published	09/03/2024	G1 checkpoint checks for {{c1::DNA damage, incorrect proteins}}. if the cell fails, it will go either to {{c1::G0 for DNA repair}} or {{c1::…
Published	09/03/2024	during G2, the {{c1::organelles}} are duplicated
Published	09/03/2024	the final checkpoint before mitosis is {{c1::G2 checkpoint}}, which checks for {{c1::DNA damage}}
Published	09/03/2024	what is karyokinesis?{{c1::the separation of identical sister chromatids}}
Published	09/03/2024	hepatocytes rest in G0 until there is {{c1::liver damage}}, at which point they {{c1::start G1 to divide and replace damaged tissue}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::CDK's or cyclin-dependent kinases}} are proteins that work together to regulate the cell cycle
Published	09/03/2024	p53 is a {{c1::tumor supressor}}, because it acts to maintain the {{c1::G1}} checkpoint
Published	09/03/2024	oncogenes like {{c1::Ras}} allow for checkpoints to be {{c1::overcome}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::p53}} is the g1 checkpoint protein
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::cyclins}} are produced at specific times in the cell cycle and bind to CDKs to {{c1::activate}} them. the activated {{c1::cyclin/CDK c…
Published	09/03/2024	in what phase of meiosis does crossing over occur?{{c1::pachytene phase in prophase}}
Published	09/03/2024	translocation between chromosomes {{c1::9}} and {{c1::22}} leads to chronic myelogenous leukemia
Published	09/03/2024	chromosome 9 has the gene {{c1::ABL}}chromosome 22 has the gene {{c1::BCR}} which codes for a {{c1::B-cell receptor}}.after the crossov…
Published	09/03/2024	CML is {{c1::chronic myelogenous leukemia}} and is cured by {{c1::imatinib, orally}}
Published	09/03/2024	when {{c1::BCR-ABL}} is active, it phosphorylates and sends a {{c1::survival and proliferation}} signal to the cell
Published	09/03/2024	imatinib, or {{c1::Gleevec}}, is taken orally {{c1::once daily}}, and blocks {{c1::ATP}} from binding--> kinase doesn't form --> {{c1:…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::apoptosis}} is physiological cell death, while {{c1::necrosis}} is non-physiological (caused by illness or injury)
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::autophagy}} is when a cell 'eats' part of itself to survive
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Published	09/03/2024	What are the 6 kinds of necrosis?
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Published	09/03/2024	general overview of inflammation and repair mechanisms after necrosis/microbe infection?
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Published	09/03/2024	what does histamine do?
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::prostaglandins}} and {{c1::leukotrienes}} sensitize the nerves, causing pain during inflammation
Published	09/03/2024	if acute inflammation does not resolve normally, the result is {{c1::fibrosis. loss of function.}}
Published	09/03/2024	mild, superficial cuts --> {{c1::regeneration}}deep, severe cuts --> {{c1::scar formation}}
Published	09/03/2024	if cardiac enzymes are elevated, {{c1::part of the heart tissue is likely dead}}
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