Notes in Genetics Lecture AUG 26 (AG)

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Published	09/02/2024	Nucleotides have three parts.....
Published	09/02/2024	Nucleotides are the basical building blocks of {{c1::nucleic acids}}
Published	09/02/2024	Nucleosides are made of......
Published	09/02/2024	A glycosidic bond is a type of {{c1::covalent bond}} that connects a {{c1::carbohydrate (sugar)}} molecule to another molecule, which can be anot…
Published	09/02/2024	In an α-glycosidic bond, the {{c1::OH}} group on the anomeric carbon is in the alpha position which means it is {{c1::below}} the plane of the ri…
Published	09/02/2024	In a β-glycosidic bond the {{c1::OH}} group on the anomeric carbon is in the beta position which means it is {{c1::above}} the plane of the ring.
Published	09/02/2024	Phosphodiester bond is the bond that links nucleotide subunits by connecting the {{c1::3' carbon}} of one sugar to the {{c1::5' carbon}} of the next p…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2391:top=.0312:width=.4905:height=.0438}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8528:top=.3281:width=.0784:height=.0563}}{{…
Published	09/02/2024	Purines
Published	09/02/2024	Pyrimdines
Published	09/02/2024	Nucleotides make up {{c1::nucleic acids}}, also known as {{c2::polymers}}.
Published	09/02/2024	Watson-Crick Base Pairing is the hydrogen bonding between specific pairs of nitrogenous bases, {{c1::A - T}} and {{c1::G - C}} in DNA. And {{c1::A - U…
Published	09/02/2024	The orientation of the two strands in a double helix, running in the opposite directions ({{c1::5' to 3'}} and {{c1::3' to 5'}}) are known as {{c1::an…
Published	09/02/2024	Phosphate Indactors
Published	09/02/2024	Phosphate indactors are important because double phosphates (the {{c1::beta}} and {{c1::gamma}} phospahtes) are relased when buidling DNA which are ca…
Published	09/02/2024	What type of bond is circled in the image? What kind of charge does it have?
Published	09/02/2024	DNA is a {{c1::double helix}} composed of two {{c1::antiparallel}} strands held together by {{c1::hydrogen}} bonds between complementary bases (A…
Published	09/02/2024	RNA is typically {{c1::single-stranded}}, contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), and can form {{c1::secondary}} structures through intramolecular…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Pyrophosphate}} ({{c2::beta and gamma phosphate}}) is lost when a DNA molecule is being built.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::A-T}} base pair with two hydrogen bonds.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::G-C}} base pair with three hydrogen bonds.
Published	09/02/2024	When DNA molecules are being built it only retains the {{c1::alpha}} phospahte
Published	09/02/2024	G-C base pairs help strands form much {{c1::quicker}} and are more {{c1::stable}}. These base pairs are valuable when it comes to {{c1::PCR}} because …
Published	09/02/2024	{{c2::Deamination}} is a chemical reaction that {{c1::removes}} an amino group from a molecule.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)}} is technique used to {{c2::amplify}} a specific segment of {{c3::DNA}}, allowing to produce millions of copies…
Published	09/02/2024	A {{c1::double helix}} is two helices winding around a central axis. It is crucial for grasping how proteins interact with DNA. There are about {…
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Proteins}} need to recognize about {{c2::10}} base base pairs in order to bind to DNA.
Published	09/02/2024	Proteins have tertiary structures that will fit to {{c1::specific}} nucleotide sequences. They bind to one side of DNA spacer regions known as the {{c…
Published	09/02/2024	The only way to grow a DNA chain is by adding to a free {{c1::3' OH}} group. Enzymes form hydrogen bonds and synthesize {{c1::phosphodiester}} bonds a…
Published	09/02/2024	Denaturation is when a molecule, like a protein or DNA, {{c1::loses}} its normal shape due to external factors like {{c2::heat}}, {{c3::pH changes}}, …
Published	09/02/2024	Renaturation is the process by which the molecule, after being {{c1::denatured}}, regains its normal {{c1::shape and function}} if the conditions retu…
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Published	09/02/2024	The {{c1::template}} strand is one of the two strands of DNA that is used as a guide or "template" during processes like {{c1::transcription}}, where …
Published	09/02/2024	The {{c1::sense}} strand is the DNA strand that has the {{c1::same}} sequence as the messenger RNA (mRNA) produced during {{c1::transcription}}, excep…
Published	09/02/2024	The {{c1::sense}} strand is also known as the {{c2::coding}} strand.
Published	09/02/2024	{{c1::Nucleotides}} are the subunits of DNA and RNA and are composed of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
Published	09/02/2024	•RNA and {{c1::DNA}} nucleotides differ in that the 2’ position of the RNA nucleotide has a hydroxyl group. •
Published	09/02/2024	RNA and DNA nucleotides are derived from the {{c1::triphospahte}} versions that are the pre-cursors for nucleic acid synthesis.
Published	09/02/2024	•RNA and DNA polymers have {{c1::polarity}} due to the asymmetry of the phosphodiester linkage between the nucleotide subunits.
Published	09/02/2024	Double stranded RNA or DNA or RNA-DNA hybrids have {{c1::anti-parallel}} strands
Published	09/02/2024	•The double stranded nucleic acid has about 10 base pairs per {{c1::turn/groove}} in the relaxed (lowest potential energy) state.
Published	09/02/2024	•Extensive secondary and tertiary structure is generated in single stranded nucleic acids by intra-molecular {{c1::base}} pairing.
Published	09/02/2024	Nucleic acids are always synthesized by adding a nucleotide to a free {{c1::3’}} hydroxyl group of the previous nucleotide, with the exception of the …
Published	09/02/2024	Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) allows the {{c1::amplificationin}} vitro of a specific section of DNA located in between two synthetic {{c2::primers}}…
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