Notes in 06Inflammation&Repair

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inflammation}}: Response of vascularized tissue to infections and damaged tissues
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION Proponent Event~3000 BC{{c1::Edward Smith Papyrus}} Oldest known treatise on trauma, including inflammation&n…
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION Proponent Event1st Century {{c1::Aulus Cornelius Celsus}} Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation 1. {{…
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION Proponent Event19th Century {{c1::Rudolf Virchow}} Fifth Cardinal Sign  5. {{c2::Functio Laesa …
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION Proponent Event1880s{{c1::Elie Metchnickoff}} Discovered {{c2::phagocytosis}} - Purpose…
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION Proponent Event1920s{{c1::Thomas Lewis}} Established the concept that {{c2::chemical substanc…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Inflammation::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: Initial, rapid response to infections and tissue damage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Inflammation::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: Associated with more tissue destruction, the proliferation of blood vessels, and fibrosi…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: {{c2::Fast (minutes or hours)::Slow/Fast}} Onset
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: {{c2::Slow (days)::Slow/Fast}} Onset
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: Usually mild and self-limited tissue injury and fibrosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: May be severe and progressive tissue injury and fibrosis
Published	07/30/2024	CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Infections}}{{c1::Tissue Necrosis}}{{c1::Foreign Bodies}}{{c1::Immune Reactions}}
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF IMMUNE REACTIONS{{c1::Autoimmune}}{{c1::Allergies}}
Published	07/30/2024	CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Infections}}: Diseases caused by many organisms
Published	07/30/2024	CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Tissue Necrosis}}: Elicits inflammation regardless of cause of cell death
Published	07/30/2024	CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Foreign Bodies}}   {{c2::Exogenous Substances}} - splinters, dirt, sutures   {{c2::Endogenous Substanc…
Published	07/30/2024	CAUSES OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Immune Reactions}}: Hypersensitivity;  Reactions in which the normally protective immune system damages the individua…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Autoimmune::Type of Immune Reaction}}: directed against self-antigens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Allergies::Type of Immune Reaction}}: inappropriate reactions against environmental substances
Published	07/30/2024	1. Recognition of Offending Agent2. Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins3. Elimination of Offending Agent 4. Termination of Reaction5. R…
Published	07/30/2024	Cellular Receptors for Microbes include {{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLR)}} located in {{c2::plasma membranes}} and {{c2::endosomes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLR)}} are able to detect extracellular and ingested microbes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLR)}} recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toll-like Receptors (TLR)}} stimulates the production and expression of {{c2::cytokines}} and {{c2::interferons}} that induce inflammation&…
Published	07/30/2024	Sensors of Cell Damage are {{c1::Cystolic Receptors}} that recognize molecules that are liberated or altered because of cell damage.
Published	07/30/2024	MOLECULES RECOGNIZED BY CYTOSOLIC RECEPTORS {{c1::Uric Acid}} product of {{c5::purine breakdown}} {{c2::ATP}} released from {{c5::damaged m…
Published	07/30/2024	Cytosolic Receptors activates a multiprotein cytosolic complex called {{c1::inflammasome}} which induces the production of the {{c2::cytokine interleu…
Published	07/30/2024	CIRCULATING PROTEINS {{c1::Mannose Binding Lectin}}{{c1::Collectins}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mannose Binding Lectin::Circulating Protein}}: Recognizes microbial sugars, thus promoting microbe and ingestion and complement system activatio…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Collectins::Circulating Protein}}: Bind to microbes and promote their phagocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Complement System}}: reacts against microbes and produces {{c2::mediators of inflammation}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Leukocytes::Other Cellular Receptors}}: express receptors for parts of antibodies and for complement proteins
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Opsonization::Other Cellular Receptors}}: coating of microbes with antibodies and complement, marking them as food for phagocytic cells for thei…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Monocytes}}, {{c1::granulocytes}}, and {{c1::plasma proteins (complement, kinins, others)}} important in the process of inflammatio…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES{{c1::Neutrophils}} Nucleus: {{c2::3-5}} lobes; connected by thin strands of {{c3::chromatin}}Function: phagocytos…
Published	07/30/2024	Macrophages are cells in tissue, derived from {{c1::monocytes}} in blood
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES{{c1::Lymphocytes}}Nucleus: {{c2::mononuclear}}
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES{{c1::T-Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocytes/B-Lymphocytes}}: Activate other cells, attack foreign bodies, viruses, cancer cells  …
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF LYMPHOCYTES{{c1::B-Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocytes/B-Lymphocytes}}: Develop into {{c2::plasma cells}} that make antibodies.
Published	07/30/2024	Retraction of endothelial cells during increased microvasculature permiability is induced by {{c1::Histamine}} and other mediators. {{c2::ra…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Endothelial Injury}}- Caused by burns and some microbial toxins - Rapid and may be long-lived (hours to days)
Published	07/30/2024	REACTION OF BLOOD VESSELS seen histologically as: {{c1::vascular congestion}}seen externally as: {{c2::localized redness/erythema}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pus}}: purulent exudate rich in leukocytes (mostly neutrophils), the debris of dead cells and microbes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Edema}}: excess of fluid in interstitial tissue or body cavities
Published	07/30/2024	1. Margination, rolling, and adhesion to endothelium in blood vessel lumen 2. Diapedesis3. Chemotaxis
Published	07/30/2024	Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma proteins are controlled by {{c1::chemokines}}
Published	07/30/2024	Steps of Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins{{c1::Margination}}: leukocytes approach periphery of the lumen as the blood vessels dilates…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps of Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins{{c1::Rolling}}: interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells are of {{c2::LOW::Low/…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps of Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins{{c1::Adhesion}}: Interaction between leukocytes with endothelial cells is now of {{c2::HIGH…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps of Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins{{c1::Diapedesis}}: migration across endothelium and vessel wall
Published	07/30/2024	Steps of Recruitment of Leukocytes and Plasma Proteins{{c1::Chemotaxis}}: Locomotion along a CHEMICAL gradient
Published	07/30/2024	In chemotaxis, inflammatory cells move toward the site of injury where {{c1::chemokines}} are produced
Published	07/30/2024	CHEMOATTRACTANT MOLECULES{{c1::Exogenous}} - bacterial products{{c2::Endogenous}} - cytokines, components of the complement system, arachidonic ac…
Published	07/30/2024	In the 1920s, {{c1::Thomas Lewis}} established the concept that {{c2::chemical substances}} mediate {{c3::inflammation }}
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Active Mediators}}: produced only in response to various stimuli
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Histamine::Vasoactive Amine}}: causes dilation of arterioles and increases permeability of venules, leading to v…
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Prostaglandins::Lipid Product}}: Function for vasodilation and is involved in the pathogenesis of pain and …
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Leukotrienes::Lipid Product}}: increases vascular permeability, and functions for leukocyte adhesion and ch…
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Cytokines}}: proteins produced by many cell types that mediate and regulate immune and inflammatory reactio…
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::TNF, IL-1, IL-6::Cytokines}}: function for the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium, diapedesis, and activ…
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Chemokines::Cytokines}}: are also cytokines that act as chemoattractants for chemotaxis; Attract inflammato…
Published	07/30/2024	MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION{{c1::Products of the Complement Activation System}}: Function mainly in host defense against microbes and in pat…
Published	07/30/2024	SYSTEMIC EFFECTS OF CYTOKINESBrain  {{c1::fever}} Liver {{c2::increased production of acute phase proteins}} Bone marro…
Published	07/30/2024	SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGIC EFFECTS OF CYTOKINESHeart {{c3::low output of the heart (decreases cardiac output during inflammation)}} …
Published	07/30/2024	1. Offending agent is first recognized by macrophage2. Attaches to receptors on the phagocyte plasma membrane3. Pseudopods form around the …
Published	07/30/2024	In terminating the inflammation reaction there is a: - switch of production from {{c1::pro-inflammatory substances}} to {{c1::anti-inf…
Published	07/30/2024	Anti-inflammatory substances: {{c1::lipoxins}}{{c1::TGF-β}}{{c1::IL-10}}
Published	07/30/2024	Possible Outcomes of Acute Inflammation {{c1::Complete Resolution::injury is self-limited or short-lived}}{{c1::Healing…
Published	07/30/2024	Causes of Chronic Inflammation  {{c1::Persistent infections}} {{c1::Hypersensitivity diseases}} {{c1::Prolonged expos…
Published	07/30/2024	Morphologic Features of Chronic Inflammation  {{c1::Infiltration with mononuclear cells}} {{c1::Tissue destruction}} …
Published	07/30/2024	MONONUCLEAR CELLS {{c1::Macrophages}}: functions in phagocytosis, secretion of cytokines
Published	07/30/2024	MONONUCLEAR CELLS {{c1::Lymphocytes}}: used for secretion of cytokines and antibody production
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Granulotamous Inflammation}}: Form of {{c2::chronic::acute/chronic}} inflammation characterized by collections of {{c3::activated&…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epitheloid Cells}}: hallmark of granulomas
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Multinucleated Giant Cells }}: fused activated macrophages
Published	07/30/2024	Causes of Granulomatous Inflammation - foreign bodies that form {{c1::foreign body granulomas}} - persistent infectious agents that form {{c1::im…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Cytokines TNF1, IL-1, IL-6}} are important mediators of acute phase reactions and systemic effect of inflammation
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Fever}}: elevation of body temperature by {{c2::1-4 degrees C }}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pyrogens}}: substances that induce fever
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Leukocytosis}}: WBC count climbs to {{c2::15,000- 20,000 cells/mL}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Leukomoid Reactions}}: extreme elevations wherein WBC count reaches extraordinarily high levels of {{c2::40,000- 100,000 cells/mL}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Tissue Repair}}: Restoration of tissue architecture and function after an injury
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Regeneration::Types of Reactions in Tissue Repair}}: Proliferation of residual (uninjured) cells and maturation of tissue stem cells&n…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Scar Formation::Types of Reactions in Tissue Repair}}: Deposition of connective tissue
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF CELLS {{c1::Labile}}- Can easily proliferate and divide after injury as long as the pool of stem cells is preserved- Repair Ty…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF CELLS {{c1::Stable}}- Normally in the {{c3::G0}} stage of the cell cycle - Capable of dividing in response to i…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF CELLS {{c1::Permanent}}- Terminally differentiated non-proliferative cells- Repair Type: {{c2::Scar Formation}}  …
Published	07/30/2024	1. Angiogenesis2. Activation of Fibroblasts and Deposition of Connective Tissue3. Remodeling of Scar Tissue
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation{{c1::Angiogenesis}}: New blood vessel development from existing vessels
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation{{c1::Granulation tissue}}: Proliferation of fibroblasts and new thin-walled, delicate capillaries in a loose extrace…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation As the scar matures, there is progressive {{c1::vascular regression}}
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation {{c1::Scar}}: largely avascular, composed of inactive, spindle-shaped fibroblasts, dense collagen, and fragments o…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation Increase in strength is due to:  - {{c1::Cross-linking of collagen}} and {{c2::increased size of collagen fibers…
Published	07/30/2024	Steps in Scar Formation{{c1::Contraction}} in Remodelling of Scar Tissue is caused by myofibroblasts and later by cross-linking of coll…
Published	07/30/2024	Abnormalities in Tissue Repair - {{c1::Inadequate formation of granulation tissue or formation of a scar}}   - wound dehiscence …
Published	07/30/2024	Abnormalities in Tissue Repair - {{c1::Wound Dehiscence}}: wound does not close
Published	07/30/2024	Abnormalities in Tissue Repair - {{c1::Keloids}}: scars that have grown beyond initial site of injury
Published	07/30/2024	Abnormalities in Tissue Repair - {{c1::Exuberant Granulation}}: Characterized by formation of excessive amounts of granulation tissue w…
Published	07/30/2024	Abnormalities in Tissue Repair Exuberant Granulation is also known as {{c1::proud flesh}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: {{c2::Neutrophil}} Cellular infiltrates
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: {{c2::Monocyte, Macrophage, Lymphocyte}} Cellular infiltrates
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute::Acute/Chronic Inflammation}}: More prominent local and systemic signs
Published	07/30/2024	In engulfment, Plasma membrane of the leukocyte pinches off to form a cytosolic vesicle ({{c1::phagosome}}) that encloses the offending particle
Published	07/30/2024	In engulfement, once a pathogen is inside the phagocytic cell, phagosome will combine with a {{c1::lysosome}} (contains hydrolytic enzymes) to form a …
Published	07/30/2024	HISTORY OF INFLAMMATION  head1Proponent Event 1793{{c1::John Hunter}}Inflammation is not a disease, but a {{…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of Inflammation{{c1::Acute}}{{c1::Chronic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reaction of blood vessels begins with {{c1::vasodilation}} which leads to increased blood flow causing {{c2::heat (Calor)}} and {{c2::r…
Published	07/30/2024	Loss of fluid and increased vessel diameter leads to: - {{c1::slower blood flow -> stasis of blood flow}} - {{c2::concentration of red cells in sma…
Published	07/30/2024	TYPES OF LEUKOCYTES{{c1::Macrophages}}Function: recognition of offending agents, phagocytose bacteria and dead tissues
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