Notes in exam one

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/08/2025	what does messenger RNA do?
Published	02/08/2025	what does transfer RNA do?
Published	02/08/2025	what does ribosomal RNA do?
Published	02/08/2025	what are the two things that pertain to the genetic code?
Published	02/08/2025	what does it mean for the genetic code to be degenerate?
Published	02/08/2025	why three bases per codon?
Published	02/08/2025	what is precursor messenger RNA?
Published	02/08/2025	what is microRNA?
Published	02/08/2025	what is small interfering RNA (siRNA)?
Published	02/08/2025	what are polyribosomes?
Published	02/08/2025	what are the chemical steps in protein synthesis?
Published	02/08/2025	what is genetic regulation?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the operon?
Published	02/08/2025	what are structural genes?
Published	02/08/2025	what is a promoter?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the activator operator?
Published	02/08/2025	how is transcription of DNA controlled?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the basal promoter?
Published	02/08/2025	what are the phases?
Published	02/08/2025	what is prophase?
Published	02/08/2025	what is prometaphase?
Published	02/08/2025	what is metaphase?
Published	02/08/2025	what is anaphase?
Published	02/08/2025	what is telophase?
Published	02/08/2025	what is a telomere?
Published	02/08/2025	how do telomeres help to control cell replication?
Published	02/08/2025	what happens to telomerase actiivty in cancer cells?
Published	02/08/2025	what does the lipid bilayer membrane do?
Published	02/08/2025	what is passive transport?
Published	02/08/2025	what is facilitated diffusion?
Published	02/08/2025	what is active transport?
Published	02/08/2025	what is an important characteristic of protein channels?
Published	02/08/2025	what differentiates simple diffusion vs. facilitated diffusion in physiology?
Published	02/08/2025	why do diabetics have sugar in their urine?
Published	02/08/2025	how do channels express selectivity?
Published	02/08/2025	what determines the direction and rates of diffusion?
Published	02/08/2025	what is a concentration gradient?
Published	02/08/2025	what is an electrical gradient?
Published	02/08/2025	what is a pressure gradient?
Published	02/08/2025	what is osmotic pressure?
Published	02/08/2025	what is an important concept for physiology?
Published	02/08/2025	what is an example of active transport?
Published	02/08/2025	what is an example of secondary active transport?
Published	02/08/2025	why are transport and concentration gradients important?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the transmembrane potential?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the Nernst Equation?
Published	02/08/2025	what is representative of the differential concentrations of Na, K, Ca, Cl; intracellularly vs. extracellularly?
Published	02/08/2025	why is Cl- extracellular given that it has negative energy?
Published	02/08/2025	Most cells have an electrical potential across the membrane, meaning the interior is either electrically positive or negative relative the exterior of…
Published	02/08/2025	describe ion movement movement in Na-K pump per one 1 ATP consumed
Published	02/08/2025	why is Na-K pump critical for maintaining cell volume?
Published	02/08/2025	what are calcium pumps responsible for?
Published	02/08/2025	describe both types of secondary active transport
Published	02/08/2025	describe secondary active transport
Published	02/08/2025	example of a secondary active transport
Published	02/08/2025	how are electrical potentials across membranes produced and maintained?
Published	02/08/2025	describe the electric potential differences across the membrane, and what is it called?
Published	02/08/2025	at 'rest', the membrane potential is predominantly a funciton of the {{c1::potassium gradient}}
Published	02/08/2025	As it flows down the concentration gradient to the extracellular space, the {{c1::K}} is carrying {{c1::positive}} charges from {{c1::inside}} to…
Published	02/08/2025	What counters the force driving potassium out of the cell along its concentration gradient?
Published	02/08/2025	What does the Nernst equation represent?
Published	02/08/2025	how is the Goldman equation different from the Nernst equation?
Published	02/08/2025	why is the Goldman equation important for relative permeability?
Published	02/08/2025	how does relative permeability relate to membrane potential?
Published	02/08/2025	what happens when a given ion species is more permeable than other species?
Published	02/08/2025	what is the primary message of membrane potentials for physiology?
Published	02/08/2025	The amplitude of response to a subthreshold axon current injection will decay exponentially with distance from injection site. What is this exponentia…
Published	02/08/2025	what is the length constant (lamba - membrane potential)?
Published	02/08/2025	what are cable properties?
Published	02/08/2025	Why is the length constant, or lambda important?  What is the physiological significance?
Published	02/08/2025	What is representative of the differential concentrations of Na, K, Cl, and Ca intracellularly (-) vs. extracellularly (+)
Published	02/08/2025	Most cells have an electrical potential across the membrane, meaning the interior is either electrically positive or negative relative the exterior of…
Published	02/08/2025	Describe ion movement in Na-K pump per one 1 ATP consumed
Published	02/08/2025	Why is Na-K Pump critical for cell volume?
Published	02/08/2025	What are Calcium pumps responsible for?
Published	02/08/2025	Describe both types of secondary active transport:
Published	02/08/2025	Describe secondary active transport and give an example:
Published	02/08/2025	How are electrical potentials across membranes produced and maintained?
Published	02/08/2025	Describe the electric potential difference across the membrane, and what is it called?
Published	02/08/2025	At ‘rest’, the membrane potential is predominantly a function of the {{c1::potassium}} gradient.
Published	02/08/2025	As it flows down the concentration gradient to the extracellular space, the K+ is carrying {{c1::positive}} charges from {{c1::inside}} to {{c1::outsi…
Published	02/08/2025	What counters the force driving potassium out of the cell along its concentration gradient?
Published	02/08/2025	What does the Nernst Equation mathematically model
Published	02/08/2025	How is the Goldman equation different from the Nernst Equation?
Published	02/08/2025	Why is the Goldman equation important for relative permeability?
Published	02/08/2025	How does relative permeability relate to membrane potential?
Published	02/08/2025	Whenever a given ion species is more permeable than other species, then the membrane potential will drift towards {{c1::that species’ equilibrium pote…
Published	02/08/2025	What is the primary message of membrane potentials for physiology?
Published	02/08/2025	The amplitude of response to a subthreshold axon current  injection will decay exponentially with distance from injection site. What is this expo…
Published	02/08/2025	What is the length constant (lambda)? (Membrane potentials)
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