Notes in L39: General Anesthetics

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Published	09/13/2023	Is propofol used for the induction or maintenance of anesthesia?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	09/13/2023	{{c2::Propofol}} and {{c3::etomidate}} are IV anesthetics that exert their effects via potentiation of the {{c1::GABAA}} receptor complex
Published	09/13/2023	Propofol causes profound vaso-{{c1::dilation}} of arteries and veins
Published	09/13/2023	Which IV anesthetic causes profound vasodilation (and thus hypotension)?{{c1::Propofol}}
Published	09/13/2023	Compared to thiopental, propofol has {{c1::less}} post-operative nausea
Published	09/13/2023	Is etomidate used for the induction or maintenance of anesthesia?{{c1::Induction}}
Published	09/13/2023	Which IV anesthetic preserves cardiovascular stability?{{c1::Etomidate}}
Published	09/13/2023	Is ketamine used for the induction or maintenance of anesthesia?{{c1::Induction}}
Published	09/13/2023	{{c2::Ketamine}} is an IV anesthetic that exerts its effect via inhibition of {{c1::NMDA}} receptors
Published	09/13/2023	Ketamine (an arylcyclohexylamine) is a PCP analog that causes "{{c1::dissociative}} anesthesia"
Published	09/13/2023	{{c1::Ketamine}} is an IV anesthetic that can cause disorientation, hallucinations, and unpleasant dreams
Published	09/13/2023	Ketamine causes cardiovascular {{c1::stimulation::depression or stimulation}}
Published	09/13/2023	Ketamine causes {{c1::increased}} cerebral blood flow
Published	09/13/2023	{{c1::Midazolam}} is a benzodiazepine that may be used as an IV anesthetic
Published	09/13/2023	Benzodiazepines (e.g. midazolam) can cause severe post-operative respiratory {{c1::depression}} and {{c2::hypo}}-tension
Published	09/13/2023	{{c1::Thiopental}} is a barbiturate that may be used as an IV anesthetic
Published	09/13/2023	Is thiopental used for the induction or maintenance of anesthesia?{{c1::Induction}}
Published	09/13/2023	Thiopental causes {{c1::decreased}} cerebral blood flow
Published	09/13/2023	What inhaled anesthetic is commonly known as "laughing gas"? {{c1::Nitrous oxide (N2O)}}
Published	09/13/2023	What drug class do halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane belong to?{{c1::Inhaled anesthetics}}
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics with {{c1::higher}} solubility in blood have a {{c2::slower}} onset of action
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics with higher solubility in blood have a {{c1::slower}} recovery
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics with {{c1::lower}} solubility in blood have a {{c2::faster}} onset of action
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics with lower solubility in blood have a {{c1::faster}} recovery
Published	09/13/2023	The {{c2::solubility}} of an inhaled anesthetic may also be referred to as the {{c1::blood:gas partition}} coefficient
Published	09/13/2023	Does the blue curve represent an inhaled anesthetic with a high or low blood solubility?{{c1::Low (quickly saturated, e.g. N2O)}}
Published	09/13/2023	Does the red curve represent an inhaled anesthetic with a high or low blood solubility?{{c1::High (slowly saturated, e.g. halothane)}}
Published	09/13/2023	{{c1::Minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)}} is the dose of inhaled anesthetic that causes 50% of patients to become unresponsive to noxious stimuli
Published	09/13/2023	Drugs with increased solubility in {{c2::lipids}} have {{c1::increased}} potency
Published	09/13/2023	Potency is {{c1::inversely}} proportional to minimal alveolar concentration (MAC)
Published	09/13/2023	Halothane is an example of an inhaled anesthetic with {{c1::high}} lipid and blood solubility
Published	09/13/2023	Nitrous oxide (N2O) is an example of an inhaled anesthetic with {{c1::low}} lipid and blood solubility
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics can cause myocardial {{c1::depression::stimulation or depression}}
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics can cause respiratory {{c1::depression::stimulation or depression}}
Published	09/13/2023	Inhaled anesthetics can cause {{c1::increased}} cerebral blood flow
Published	09/13/2023	The inhaled anesthetic {{c2::halothane}} is most commonly associated with {{c1::hepatotoxicity}} as an adverse effect
Published	09/13/2023	The inhaled anesthetic {{c3::enflurane}} can induce {{c2::seizures}} and cause {{c1::nephro}}-toxicity as adverse effects
Published	09/13/2023	The inhaled anesthetic methoxyflurane is associated with {{c1::nephrotoxicity}} as an adverse effect
Published	09/13/2023	The inhaled anesthetic {{c1::N2O}} is associated with expansion of trapped gas in a body cavity as an adverse effect
Published	09/13/2023	{{c1::Malignant hyperthermia}} is a skeletal muscle hypersensitivity to volatile anesthetics
Published	09/13/2023	In addition to inhaled anesthetics, malignant hyperthermia may also be caused by {{c1::succinylcholine}} (muscle relaxant)
Published	09/13/2023	Malignant hyperthermia is usually related to a defect in {{c1::ryanodine}} receptors, which causes {{c2::increased}} Ca2+ release from the SR
Published	09/13/2023	Excessive heat production in malignant hyperthermia induces fever and {{c1::muscle damage (e.g. rhabdomyolysis)}}
Published	09/13/2023	Malignant hyperthermia is treated by {{c1::dantrolene}}, which is a {{c2::ryanodine}} receptor antagonist that prevents release of Ca2+ from the SR
Published	09/13/2023	What is the mode of inheritance of malignant hyperthermia?{{c1::Autosomal dominant}}
Published	09/13/2023	What genetic phenomenon is associated with malignant hyperthermia?{{c1::Incomplete penetrance}}
Published	09/13/2023	Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant that is used to treat {{c1::malignant hyperthermia}} and {{c2::neuroleptic malignant syndrome}}
Published	09/13/2023	Complications of succinylcholine include {{c2::hyper}}-calcemia, {{c2::hyper}}-kalemia, and {{c1::malignant hyperthermia}}
Published	09/13/2023	Which liver zone is affected first by metabolic toxins (e.g. alcohol, tylenol, ethanol, CCl4, halothane, rifampin)? {{c1::Zone III (centrilobular)}}
Published	09/13/2023	Fever after anesthesia (halothane, succinylcholine) or fever > 104:{{c1::Malignant hyperthermia::Diagnosis?}}
Published	09/13/2023	Which two inhaled anaesthetics are preferred in patients with asthma?{{c1::Halothane and sevoflurane}}
Published	09/13/2023	The inhaled anesthetic {{c2::halothane}} is most commonly associated with {{c1::hepatotoxicity}} as an adverse effect.
Published	09/13/2023	Malignant hyperthermia is treated with {{c1::dantrolene::treatment}}.
Published	09/13/2023	Immediate postsurgical fever occurs within hours of the operation and can be due to what causes? (3){{c1::Tissue traumaMismatched blood productsMalign…
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