Notes in Grading and Staging of Cancer

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Published	09/03/2024	neoplasms are {{c1::abnormal growth of tissues (tumor)}}
Published	09/03/2024	a neoplasia is a {{c1::new growth}}
Published	09/03/2024	a malignant tumor has the capacity to {{c1::metastasize}} while a benign tumor {{c1::does not}}
Published	09/03/2024	benign mesenchymal cancer names end with {{c1::+"oma"}}malignant mesenchymal cancer names end with {{c1::+"sarcoma"}}
Published	09/03/2024	benign epithelial cancer names end with {{c1::+"adenoma"}}malignant epithelial cancer names end with {{c1::+"carcinoma"}}
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::papillomas}} are cancers in epithelial cells with warty projections
Published	09/03/2024	cancer of the blood is {{c1::leukemia}}
Published	09/03/2024	cancer of the lymphocytes is called {{c1::lymphoma}}
Published	09/03/2024	cancer of the melanocytes is called {{c1::melanoma}}
Published	09/03/2024	A {{c1::teratoma}} is a kind of germ cell cancer that contains multiple different tissue types
Published	09/03/2024	benign tumors are (shape) {{c1::well-differentiated/well-circumscribed}}, meaning its easy to {{c1::draw a line around them}}
Published	09/03/2024	other characteristics of benign tumors:{{c1::slow growingnot inflitratinglook similar to the tissue they came fromno necrosis}}
Published	09/03/2024	characteristics of malignant tumors{{c1::can metastasizenecrosisweirdly shaped/spiculated}}
Published	09/03/2024	grading and staging of tumors are systems to quantify {{c1::probable clinical aggressiveness (prognosis)}}
Published	09/03/2024	grading is based on how the tumor {{c1::looks under microscope}}. the higher the grade, {{c1::the more differentiated the tissue is from nor…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::staging}} is based on multiple features, and uses the acronym {{c1::TNM}} which stands for {{c1::Tumor, spread to lymph Nodes, and Metastases}}
Published	09/03/2024	staging has {{c1::greater}} clinical value than grading (more tied to prognosis)
Published	09/03/2024	benign tumor of fat --> {{c1::lipoma}}benign tumor of bone --> {{c1::osteoma}}tumor of 2 or 3 germ cell layers --> {{c1::terat…
Published	09/03/2024	lumpectomy specimen from the breast. benign or malignant? name?
Published	09/03/2024	breast lump: benign or malignant? name?
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::grade}} of a tumor is decided based on how different the carcinoma is from normal breast tissue
Published	09/03/2024	three possible factors that affect tumor grading:1. {{c1:: does cancer form glands?}}2. {{c1::uniform or varying nuclei?}}3. {{c1::mitotical…
Published	09/03/2024	the most common kind of cancer is i{{c1::invasive ductal carcinoma}}
Published	09/03/2024	differentiation of tumors from normal tissue is closely related to {{c1::behavior}}
Published	09/03/2024	whats wrong in this pic
Published	09/03/2024	what is tumor pleiomorphism
Published	09/03/2024	once the pathologist confirms breast cancer diagnosis, whats the next diagnostic step?
Published	09/03/2024	the best treatment for ER + and HER2 - is {{c1::endocrine therapy: Tamoxifen, Aromatase Inhibitors}}
Published	09/03/2024	tamoxifen is a (class){{c1::selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)}} that (action) {{c1::blocks estrogen's activity in the breast tissue}}
Published	09/03/2024	aromatase inhibitors work by {{c1::blocking aromatase from turning androgen into estrogen}}
Published	09/03/2024	the best treatment for triple negative breast cancer is {{c1::chemotherapy}}
Published	09/03/2024	HER 2 positive cancer (whether ER+ or -) respond best to {{c1::Trastuzumab, pertuzumab (Anti-HER2 Therapy)}}
Published	09/03/2024	WHAT HAS A GREATER AFFECT ON PROGNOSIS, grade or stage? {{c1::STAGING}}
Published	09/03/2024	the major staging system is the {{c1::American Joint Committee on Cancer Staging, or AJCC}}
Published	09/03/2024	you check the T in TNM by: {{c1::pathological gross exam, or imaging}}
Published	09/03/2024	you check the N in TNM by {{c1::pathological microscopic exam, or imaging}}
Published	09/03/2024	you check the M in TNM by {{c1::imaging, surgical exploration, pathological microscopic exam}}
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