Notes in Chapter 1

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Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3513:top=.2503:width=.2671:height=.075:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0961:top=.6193:width=.2617:height=.2381…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0164:top=.7137:width=.322:height=.2352:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5154:top=.7105:width=.2524:height=.2415…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Hypoglycemia}} is the most common metabolic problem for neonates and develops earlier in SGA infants due to {{c1::higher metabolic activity and …
Published	11/02/2024	Special problems with the preterm infant include the following:1. {{c1::Weak suck reflex}} 2. {{c1::Inadequate gastrointestinal absorption}} 3. {{c1::…
Published	11/02/2024	There is a build-up of {{c1::glycogen}} stores in the liver, skeleton, and cardiac muscles during the later stages of fetal development, but little {{…
Published	11/02/2024	The newborn must depend on {{c1::glycolysis}} until exogenous glucose is supplied
Published	11/02/2024	When total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is needed, the glucose infusion rate should be initiated at {{c1::4–6}} mg/kg/min and advanced {{c1::1–2}} mg/kg…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Seizure and coma}} are the most common manifestations of severe hypoglycemia
Published	11/02/2024	Neonatal hypoglycemia is generally defined as a glucose level lower than {{c1::50}} mg/dL
Published	11/02/2024	Infants who are at high risk for developing hypoglycemia are those who are {{c1::premature}}; {{c1::SGA}}; or born to mothers with {{c2::gestational d…
Published	11/02/2024	Newborns who require surgical procedures are at particular risk of developing hypoglycemia; therefore, a {{c1::10% glucose infusion}} is typically sta…
Published	11/02/2024	Hypoglycemia is treated with an infusion of {{c1::1–2}} mL/kg ({{c1::4–8}} mg/kg/ min) of 10% glucose. If an emergency operation is required, concentr…
Published	11/02/2024	Hyperglycemia is a common problem associated with the use of {{c1::parenteral nutrition}} in very immature infants
Published	11/02/2024	Neonates are predisposed to hypocalcemia due to limited {{c1::calcium stores}}, r{{c2::enal immaturity}}, and r{{c3::elative hypoparathyroidism second…
Published	11/02/2024	Signs of hypocalcemia are similar to those of hypoglycemia and may include {{c1::jitteriness}}, {{c1::seizures}}, {{c1::cyanosis}}, {{c1::vomiting}}, …
Published	11/02/2024	Symptomatic hypocalcemia is treated with {{c1::10% calcium gluconate}} administered intravenous at a dosage of {{c2::1–2}} mL/kg ({{c2::100–200}} mg/k…
Published	11/02/2024	Asymptomatic hypocalcemia is best treated with calcium gluconate in a dose of {{c1::50 mg of elemental calcium}}/kg/ day added to the maintenance flui…
Published	11/02/2024	Magnesium deficiency should be suspected and confirmed in an infant who has seizures that do not respond to {{c1::calcium therapy}}
Published	11/02/2024	Emergent treatment of Hypomagnesemia consists of {{c1::magnesium sulfate}} {{c1::25–50}} mg/kg IV every {{c2::6 hours}} until normal levels are obtain…
Published	11/02/2024	Total RBC volume is at its highest point at {{c1::delivery}}
Published	11/02/2024	Infants with delayed cord clamping (typically defined as {{c1::greater than 1 minute after birth}}) have higher hemoglobin levels.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2018:top=.1907:width=.1524:height=.181:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6649:top=.4538:width=.15:height=.144:oi…
Published	11/02/2024	A central venous hemoglobin level greater than {{c1::22}} g/dL or a hematocrit value greater than {{c2::65%}} during the first week of life is defined…
Published	11/02/2024	Polycythemia is treated using {{c1::a partial exchange of the infant’s blood with fresh whole blood or 5% albumin}}. This is frequently done for hemat…
Published	11/02/2024	In a severely affected infant with a {{c1::positive-reacting direct Coombs test result}}, a cord hemoglobin level less than {{c1::10.5}} g/ dL, or a c…
Published	11/02/2024	Pathologic jaundice within the first {{c1::36}} hours of life
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4248:top=.1516:width=.4018:height=.0895:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0887:top=.2526:width=.6381:height=.179…
Published	11/02/2024	Treatment of ROP with {{c1::laser photocoagulation}} has been shown to have the added benefit of {{c1::superior visual acuity and less myopia}}
Published	11/02/2024	Heat loss may occur as a result of: (1) {{c1::evaporation}} ({{c1::wet newborn}})(2) {{c2::conduction}} ({{c2::skin contact with cool surface}})(3) {{…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Double-walled incubators}} offer the best thermoneutral environment, whereas radiant warmers {{c2::cannot prevent convection heat loss}} and lea…
Published	11/02/2024	Fetal circulation is marked by three prominent structures: {{c1::the foramen ovale, ductus arteriosus, and ductus venosus.}}
Published	11/02/2024	Maturation of the lungs is generally divided into five periods:{{c1::Embryonic phase (begins approximately week 3)}} {{c1::Pseudoglandular phase (5–17…
Published	11/02/2024	Between {{c2::24 and 28}} weeks, the cuboidal and columnar cells flatten and differentiate into {{c1::type I (lining cells)}} and/or {{c1::type II (gr…
Published	11/02/2024	The change in the {{c1::ratio of the amniotic phospholipids (lecithin: sphingomyelin)}} is used to assess fetal lung maturity.
Published	11/02/2024	The indications for the use of surfactant include: (1) {{c1::intubated infants with RDS}}(2) {{c1::intubated infants with meconium aspiration syndrome…
Published	11/02/2024	The first step in treating all forms of shock is to {{c1::correct existing fluid deficits}}
Published	11/02/2024	Inotropic drugs should not be initiated until {{c1::adequate intravascular fluid volume has been established}}
Published	11/02/2024	Shock resulting from acute hemorrhage is treated with the administration of {{c1::20}} mL/kg of {{c1::Ringer’s lactate solution or normal saline as fl…
Published	11/02/2024	The rate and volume of the resuscitation fluid are adjusted based on feedback data obtained from monitoring the effects of the initial resuscitation.A…
Published	11/02/2024	Inotropes are most effective when {{c1::hypoxemia}} and {{c1::acidosis}} are corrected
Published	11/02/2024	In cases of {{c1::fluid-refractory shock}} and {{c1::cardiogenic shock}}, inotropic drugs are necessary.
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