Notes in Endocrinology

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	10/08/2024	Menopause: Contraindications to all systemic MHT/HRT (6)
Published	10/08/2024	Menopause: After excluding C/Is to all MHT/HRT, what C/Is are specific to oral oestrogen?
Published	10/08/2024	moderate-severe bothersome symptoms of menopause - After you have excluded all contraindications to MHT, what other considerations guide your choice o…
Published	10/08/2024	Menopause: Name 3 systemic pharmacological and 2 non-pharm non hormonal therapies for the symptoms of menopause
Published	10/08/2024	Menopause: Name 7 reasons to be cautious about prescribing systemic MHT/HRT? & thus use non oral instead...
Published	10/08/2024	Luke - give some MHT options for different clinical scenarios assuming no C/Is
Published	10/08/2024	After how many years should you think of beginning to wean a patient off MHT/HRT?
Published	10/08/2024	Insulin treated diabetesDriving licence Private Criteria to satisfy conditional licence? (3)
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative care:Nausea + VomitingManagement strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative careConstipationManagement strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative careSedationManagement strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative careRespiratory depressionManagement strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative careHallucinations and delirium Management strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	Opiate side effects in palliative carerigidity, multiple myoclonus and seizuresManagement strategy?Does tolerance develop?
Published	10/08/2024	56F with menopause & a uterus options:
Published	10/08/2024	What is the first Q to ask the patient/yourself when prescribing MHT/HRT and what is the significance of this Q?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Risk factors (3/4)
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone What is the most common means by which diagnosis is made? (2)
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone If symptomatic, what are the four most common symptoms?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Two mechanisms by which it causes pain?
Published	10/08/2024	What is shown?Characteristic of what disease?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Describe the pathological process of this disease and how this relates to symptoms/features of disease
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone What are the four bone turnover markers for assessment?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Which bone turnover marker: - Has the highest correlation with disease activity before and after treatment?{{c1::PINP}} - W…
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Investigations - plain film x-rays What is seen in Early stages? (1) Progressive disease? (1)
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Treatment/management in asymptomatic patient?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of BoneManagement for symptomatic patientsFirst line?
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Treatment/management in asymptomatic patient;Zoledronic acidwhat must be checked prior to administering (4)
Published	10/08/2024	Paget's Disease of Bone Treatment/management in asymptomatic patient; What is the clinical follow up post zoledronic acid? (2)
Published	10/08/2024	What are the common side effects of MHT? (4)
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 3 main categories of symptoms that affect women in the perimenopause and menopause?
Published	10/08/2024	Menopause. A. When should 'unscheduled' vaginal bleeding be investigated for women using combined MHT? B. What changes can be made to combined MHT the…
Published	10/08/2024	Imaging modailities (2) for pagets disease?
Published	10/08/2024	Complex regional pain syndromerisk factors? (list three)
Published	10/08/2024	Complex regional pain syndromeSigns and symptoms?
Published	10/08/2024	Diagnostic criteria of complex regional pain syndrome?
Published	10/08/2024	Non-pharmacological mx of complex regional pain syndrome? (3)
Published	10/08/2024	Pharmacological mx of complex regional pain syndrome in adults? (list three and one preventative drug)
Published	10/08/2024	Pharmacological mx of complex regional pain syndrome in children? (3 options)
Published	10/08/2024	What is the most common cause of hypOthyroidism in the 'west' and what autoantibody is it associated with?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the most common causes of hypothyroidism in the west/iodine sufficient countries? 1+3
Published	10/08/2024	What antibodies are associated with Hashimotos thyroiditis in the almost all cases?
Published	10/08/2024	Subclinical and _____ hypothyroidism/hyperthyroidism are the two terms that eTG uses to describe the biochemical picture of TFTs
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 3 management goals when treating hypothyroidism?
Published	10/08/2024	What is a reasonable starting dose of levothyroxine in 1. fit and young  2. pregnancy  3. old/frail with cardiac disease?
Published	11/03/2024	In the non pregnant patient, which of the 2 groups below do eTG say should/it is reasonable to treat without retesting a 6 weeks?Overt symptomatic pri…
Published	10/08/2024	Hypothyroidism in pregnancy: What cut-off TSH (independent of symtpoms and FT4) is accepted in Melbourne hospitals as a reasonable level to initiate t…
Published	10/08/2024	Pre-existing hypothyroidism in pregnancy: how much extra levothyroxine is needed?
Published	10/08/2024	What are the two main risks of overtreatment of hypothyroidism?
Published	10/08/2024	Name 8 causes of thyroiditis (Clue - 3 most common and most likely to need treatment with an 'anti-thyroid drug', 3 'itis', 2 iatrogenic)
Published	10/08/2024	1. Painless postpartum thyroiditis, 2. painful subacute thyroiditis and 3. painless sporadic thyroiditis all have 2 management principles in common. W…
Published	10/08/2024	The 3 thyroiditis causes of hyperthyroidism have similar investigation results and natural history of biochemical abnormalities. What are each of thes…
Published	10/08/2024	First line agents for Px of thyrotoxicosis
Published	10/08/2024	First and second line treatment regimens for hyperthyroidism when treatment is indicated
Published	10/08/2024	What are the 3 circumstances when PTU is used ahead of Carbimazole as first line anti-thyroid therapy?
Published	10/08/2024	Name 3 disadvantages of thionamides (e.g. PTU, Carbimazole)
Published	10/08/2024	Signs and symptoms of Androgen deficiency General (3/4) {{c1::Fatigue}} {{c1::Mood changes}} {{c1::Irritability}} {{c1::Depression}} Sexual (3/4) {…
Published	10/08/2024	Androgen DeficiencyList two acquired causes of primary androgen deficiency
Published	10/08/2024	Androgen DeficiencyList two congenital causes of primary androgen deficiency
Published	10/08/2024	Androgen DeficiencyList two structural causes of secondary androgen deficiency
Published	10/08/2024	Androgen DeficiencyList one genetic cause of secondary androgen deficiency
Published	10/08/2024	Androgen DeficiencyList two functional causes of secondary androgen deficiency
Published	10/08/2024	Suspect androgen deficiencyorder a morning fasting testosterone that is lownext step?
Published	10/08/2024	What three medications/supplements can impair absorption of levothyroxine?
Published	10/08/2024	How to counsel someone for levothyroxine use (daily use instructions)
Published	10/08/2024	Symptoms of hypercalcaemia?
Published	10/08/2024	Most common causes of hypercalcaemia? (3)
Published	10/08/2024	Investigations for Hypercalcaemia?) (4 blood, 2 radiol)
Published	10/08/2024	Clinical features of hyperaldosteronism?
Published	10/08/2024	What serum investigations for suspected primary hyperaldoesteronism (3) and expected results?
Published	10/08/2024	Primary hyperaldosteronismimaging to order if suspected?
Published	10/08/2024	Management of primary hyperaldosteronism
Published	10/08/2024	List 5 symptoms of addisons disease
Published	10/08/2024	Detect low morning serum cortisol Next step?
Published	10/08/2024	Detect low morning serum cortisol ACTH is elevatedNext test?
Published	10/08/2024	Detect low morning serum cortisol ACTH is elevatedSynacthen test does not cause cortisol elevationnext two tests?
Published	10/08/2024	Detect low morning serum cortisol ACTH is low or normalnext test?
Published	10/08/2024	Biochemical features of addisonian crisis? (list 4)
Published	10/08/2024	Immediate management of addisonian crisis
Published	10/08/2024	List 5 examination findings of cushings syndrome
Published	10/08/2024	List two ACTH dependent causes of cushings syndrome
Published	10/08/2024	List two ACTH independent causes of cushings syndrome
Published	10/08/2024	What three tests can be used to screen for suspected cushing's syndrome?
Published	10/08/2024	Suspect cushings syndromemeasured cortisol is high after dexamethasone suppresion testNext step in diagnostic pathway?
Published	10/08/2024	Suspect cushings syndromemeasured cortisol is high after dexamethasone suppresion testACTH HighNext test?
Published	10/08/2024	Suspect cushings syndromemeasured cortisol is high after dexamethasone suppresion testACTH LowNext test?
Published	10/08/2024	Polyuria, nocturia and polydipsia with normoglycaemiaLikely cause?
Published	10/08/2024	central Diabetes insipidus is caused by {{c1::impaired secretion ADH(vasopressin)}} of from the {{c1::posterior pituitary.::structure}}
Published	10/08/2024	List three causes of central diabetes insipidus
Published	10/08/2024	What defines nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Published	10/08/2024	SIADHList three causes
Published	10/08/2024	SIADHManagement
Published	10/08/2024	Signs and symptoms of a phaechromocytoma?
Published	10/08/2024	Classical features of a carcinoid syndrome / carcinoid tumour? (3)
Published	10/08/2024	How frequently to test for TSH when monitoring thyroxine replacement therapy?
Published	10/08/2024	When should a thyroid ultrasound be ordered?
Published	10/08/2024	What percentage of population have anti-TPO and anti-thyrogloubin?
Published	10/08/2024	What is the clinical role of thyroglobulin levels?
Published	10/08/2024	TSH level treatment aims in thyroxine replacement therapy in someone:<6060-79>80
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)Next step?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH markedly elevatedNext step?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH normal or mildly elevatedelevatedNext step?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH lowNext step?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH lowScintigraphy: no hot noduleNext step?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH lowScintigraphy: diffuse uptakeDiagnosis?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental thyroid nodule or goitre detected (clinically or incidentally on imaging)TSH lowScintigraphy: hot noduleDo you need uss?
Published	10/08/2024	Fever, neck pain, tenderness over thyd with symptoms of hyperthyroid is likely what?
Published	10/08/2024	Management of subacute granulomatous thyroiditis?
Published	10/08/2024	List 5 causes of hypomagnesemia
Published	10/08/2024	List 6 differentials (except for diabetic neuropathy) for painful distal limb burning bilaterally
Published	10/08/2024	How to test for small fibre peripheral neuopathy?
Published	10/08/2024	How to test for large fibre peripheral neuropathy? (4)
Published	10/08/2024	Three pharmacological management options for painful peripheral neuropathy
Published	10/08/2024	Serum Urate targets for gout?What if tophaceous gout
Published	10/08/2024	List three population groups at higher risk of diabetes
Published	10/08/2024	Asymptomatic patient with fasting BGL 5.5-6.9Next test?
Published	10/08/2024	What OGTT valuess define diabetes:Fasting?2-hour?
Published	10/08/2024	HBA1c of 6.5 or above in asymptomatic patientNext step in management?
Published	10/08/2024	What two antibodies are present in 90% of patients with type 1 diabetes?
Published	10/08/2024	What is the follow up post partum for GDM? (immed + long term)
Published	10/08/2024	Which OHG for diabetes causes weight gain?
Published	10/08/2024	When treating diabetes, consider stopping any medication that does not reduce HbA1c by at least {{c1::0.5%}} unless indicated for …
Published	10/08/2024	If patient on triple OHG therapy for T2DM what would next step be?
Published	10/08/2024	What vitamin can metoformin impair absorption of?
Published	10/08/2024	Which anti-glycaemic agent can worsen diabetic retinopathy?
Published	10/08/2024	Which of the following OHGs should be withheld in a sick day?Metformin {{c1::yes}}SGLT2-i {{c1::yes}}GLP1-RA {{c1::yes}}Sulfonylureas {{c1::no unless …
Published	10/08/2024	Periprocedural management of OHGs in T2DM?
Published	10/08/2024	What is shown?Diagnosis?
Published	10/08/2024	How to clinically screen for occult thoracic vertebral compression fracture?What is a +ve result
Published	10/08/2024	How to clinically screen for occult lumbar vertebral compression fracture?What is a +ve result
Published	10/08/2024	What T-score is classified as 'very high risk' and warrants endocrinology referral?
Published	10/08/2024	Minimal Trauma fracture - colles fractureNext test?What results on this is an indication to treat?
Published	10/08/2024	Minimal Trauma fracture at what two sites confers diagnosis of osteoporosis and warrants treament
Published	10/08/2024	List 4 lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis
Published	10/08/2024	List 4 medication risk factors for osteoporosis
Published	10/08/2024	What T-score indepedent of clincial features is diagnostic of osteoporosis and warrants treatmetn?
Published	10/08/2024	T-score between -1.5 and -2.5 without history of minimal trauma fractureNext test?
Published	10/08/2024	What MOF* (%) and Hip # risk (%) determined with the FRAX score in patients with a T-scote between -1.5 and -2.5 is warrants treatment for osteoporosi…
Published	10/08/2024	What are the three population groups reccomended for viatmin D replacement therapy?
Published	10/08/2024	What is shown?What does it indicate?
Published	10/08/2024	List 6 elements of the annual 'diabetes cycle of care'
Published	10/08/2024	What is the most significant side effect of anti-thyroid medications (PTU and carbimazole) and when during treatment intitiation does this usually occ…
Published	10/08/2024	What is a rare side effect unique to propylthiouracil (as compared to other anti-thyroid drugs) and what woudl you need to counsel patients about?
Published	10/08/2024	Approach to fluid resus for HHS?
Published	10/08/2024	Why is a OGTT not reccomended in women who have undergone bariatric surgery?
Published	10/08/2024	What subset of diabetic patients (2) is vigorous exercise not reccomended or contraindicated?
Published	10/08/2024	How to advise a patient on insulin or SUR to exercise safely?
Published	10/08/2024	What diabetic complication requires monitoring during pregnancy much more intensely and how frequently?
Published	10/08/2024	Screening for type 2 diabetes in asymptomatic individualsreccomendations for:- non indigenous adults?- indigenous adults?
Published	10/08/2024	Besides hyperglycaemia, what are 3 causes of abnormally elevated HbA1c
Published	10/08/2024	Hypertriglyceridaemiaif remain elevated despite maximal statin and 4g omega-3 fatty acids what is next step?
Published	10/08/2024	What three ethnicities warrant upclassification on AusCVD risk score?
Published	10/08/2024	What % of population has an adrenal tumour?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental adrenal massnext two tests 2 order?What to add if hypertensive?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental adrenal masspositive after testing?Next step in detemining if adrenalectomy or medical management?
Published	10/08/2024	Incidental adrenal massnegative after testing?Next step and what two features are you assessing for
Published	10/08/2024	What 3 drugs can cause a hyperprolactinaemia?
Published	10/08/2024	First line therapy for prolactinoma
Published	10/08/2024	Why is it very important to test for pregnancy in women of reproductive age with amenorrheoea and hyperprolactinaemia?
Published	10/08/2024	Therapies for prolactinoma besides dopamine agonists? (3)
Published	10/14/2024	How to transition a patient off denosumab?
Published	10/08/2024	When should PO and IV bisphosphoante therapy be ceased?
Published	10/08/2024	At what age do you commence screening for type 2 diabetes in ATSI, Maori and pacific persons with additinoal risk factors?
Published	10/08/2024	In type 2 diabetics without retinopathy: what patients should be screened annually (3/5)
Published	10/08/2024	What investigations should be considered after finding an incidental adrenal mass?
Published	10/08/2024	What is the most effective weight loss pharmacotherapy (alongside lifestyle interventions) available in Australia? And name the 5 other weight loss ph…
Published	10/08/2024	What antibodies are associated with Type 1 diabetes (4)
Published	10/08/2024	Name 3 signs more specific to androgen deficiency in men.
Published	10/08/2024	6/6 criteria re. individual goals in Type 2 diabetes
Published	10/08/2024	List 4 reasons for mild hypophosphataemia
Published	10/08/2024	Early-onset type 2 diabetesAt what age should a patient see an endocrinologist regardless of level of glycaemic control?
Published	10/27/2024	Specific calcium intake reccomendations for osteoporosis management and fracture preention in post-menopausal women and men >50
Published	10/31/2024	Maternal BMI for early pregnancy diabetes screening?
Published	10/31/2024	List 4 indications for high dose (5mg) folic acid in pregnancy
Published	10/31/2024	What is the strength of high dose folic acid and when should it be commenced/used (duration) for high risk pregnant women?
Published	11/03/2024	Which bisphosphonate is available as an enteric coated formulation
Published	11/03/2024	Apart from osteoporosis, what are the three other indications for bisphosphonates?
Published	11/03/2024	What counselling advice re. administration should be given to patients taking bisphosphonates?
Published	11/02/2024	Screening test for possible vertebral crush fracture?what patients should have one?
Published	11/02/2024	What are the 3 types of exercises reccomended in osteoporosis management/
Published	11/03/2024	Contraindications for bisphosphonates?
Published	11/03/2024	What three supplements cannot be taken within 60 minutes of a bisphosphonate?
Published	11/03/2024	Patient has been on bisphosphonate for 5-10 years and asks "do i need to keep taking it? Its a bit annoying to need to remain upright and avoid food f…
Published	11/03/2024	Management of woman using MHT for either symptoms control or osteoporosis Tx who is flying overseas?
Published	11/03/2024	Anastrazole, Letrozole and exemestane are all examples of {{c1::aromatase-inhibitors}} used for {{c1::breast cancer}}
Published	11/03/2024	How should you assess the fracture risk of all men commencing androgen dep-therapy ADT for prostate ca?
Published	11/03/2024	Best time for a patient on prolia to have dental work done?
Published	11/03/2024	List 4 causes of non-inflammatory (<2000WBC) arthritis?
Published	11/03/2024	List 4 causes of inflammatory (>2000WBC) arthritis?
Published	11/10/2024	Can you reverse acanthosis nigricans?
Status	Last Update	Fields