Notes in 05BasicLabTechniques

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Capnophilic}} microorganisms require CO2 (5% to 10%) to survive
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Generation time/doubling time}} refers to the time bacteria needs to divide into 2 cells (binary fission).
Published	07/30/2024	Fermentation is an {{c1::anaerobic::aerobic/anaerobic}} process with the end products of {{c2::lactate, butyrate, ethanol, and acetoin::(4)}…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Voges Proskauer}} test and {{c1::Methyl Red}} test are used to identify {{c2::Enterobacteriaceae}} such as Shigella and Salmonella thro…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Fermentation results in the production of an acidic pH.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}}Respiration is less efficient than fermentation in energy utilization.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Respiration}} is the main metabolic pathway used by {{c2::aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic}} bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Facultative anaerobes}} are anaerobic bacteria that can survive in aerobic conditions.
Published	07/30/2024	In respiration, {{c1::Oxygen}} is the final electron acceptor.
Published	07/30/2024	The starting carbohydrate for both fermentation and respiration is {{c1::glucose}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Alcoholic}} fermentation produces ethanol.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Homolactic}} fermentation produces {{c2::lactic acid}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heterolactic}} fermentation produces lactic acid with CO2, alcohol, acetic and formic acid.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Propionic acid}} fermentation produces propionic acid.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mixed acid}} fermentation produces {{c3::strong acids}} which is the basis for the {{c2::Methyl Red}} test.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Butanediol}} fermentation produces {{c3::acetoin}} and {{c3::butanediol}} and is the basis for a positive {{c2::Voges Proscauer}} reac…
Published	07/30/2024	In testing the ability of bacteria to ferment other sugars, {{c1::glucose}} must not be present because most bacteria can ferment it.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B-galactoside permease}} is an enzyme that allows for the transport of lactose across bacterial cell wall.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::B-galactosidase}} is an enzyme that breaks galactoside bonds, releasing glucose for fermentation.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inoculation}} is the process of introducing a microbe into the environment or culture media where they can grow.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}In liquid media, growths of bacteria do not exhibit special characteristic appearances.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}} Isolated colonies cannot be separated from a liquid medium.
Published	07/30/2024	Liquid media may be {{c1::peptone water}} or {{c1::nutrient broth}}.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::semi-solid}} media is prepared by adding {{c2::lesser percentage of agar (0.2-0.5%)}} to the liquid medium.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::pure}} culture contains only one strain or species of bacterium and is used to study characteristics of a particular species.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::colony}} is a population of cells arising from a single cell or spore from a group of attached cells.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::candle jar}} creates anaerobic conditions by lighting up candle until it consumes all the oxygen in bottle.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::CO2 packet}} creates anaerobic conditions by placing a medium into plastic bag with a gas generator of CO2 (which is later broken to release t…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::brewer or anaerobic jar}} creates anaerobic conditions by through the tearing of pouches containing sodium bicarbonate and sodium borohydride.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Armadillos}} are used as culture vessels for {{c2::Mycobacterium leprae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Factors affecting microbial growth: {{c1::pH}}{{c1::temperature}}{{c1::gaseous composition of atmosphere}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Psychrophiles}} are microorganisms that thrive at {{c2::10-20}}°C.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesophiles}} are microorganisms that thrive at {{c2::20-40}}°C.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thermophiles}} are microorganisms that thrive at {{c2::50-60}}°C.
Published	07/30/2024	Eggs can be used as culture vessels for {{c1::influenza virus}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Tricarboxylic Acid/Krebs}} cycle is the most important cycle for the complete oxidation of glucose.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lactose}} fermentation is used to identify different members of Enterobacteriaceae.
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the type of fermentation used by the following microorganisms:  MicroorganismType of FermentationShigella{{c1::Mixed…
Published	07/30/2024	The most common example of solid media is blood agar, which is prepared by adding {{c1::1-2% agar}} to the liquid media.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Basic/basal media}} are simple media which support the growth of microorganisms that do not have special needs.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Nutrient}} media are made of extracts of meat or soybean.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enriched}} media encourage the growth of desired microbe/s by providing special growth conditions or added growth factors such as blood, vitamin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chocolate agar}} is prepared by heating {{c2::blood agar}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transport}} media are used to preserve the viability of the organism but is not used for multiplication. Some examples are: • {{c2::St…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Selective}} media contains additives that inhibit the growth of other bacteria and encourage the growth of desired bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MacConkey agar}} encourages the growth of {{c2::Gram negative bacteria}} but inhibit the growth of {{c2::Gram positive bacteria}}. It …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colistin-Nalidixic}} encourages the growth of {{c2::Gram positive}} bacteria but inhibits the growth of {{c2::Gram negative}}&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Eosin methylene blue agar}} inhibits {{c2::Gram positive bacteria}} with {{c3::eosin}} and {{c3::methylene blue}}. It is selective for…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Differential}} media allows the visualization of metabolic differences between groups of bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	Hemolysis can only be seen under {{c1::transillumination}}, by passing bright light through the bottom of the plate.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::alpha}} hemolysis, RBCs are partially hemolysed.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::beta}} hemolysis, RBCs are completely hemolysed.
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]size of colonies(1) gram positive bacteria (2) gram negative bacteria{{c1::B. 1<2}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]size of colonies(1) Staphylococcus (2) Streptococcus{{c1::A. 1>2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Swarming colonies}} have a circular type of growth whereas {{c1::diphtheroid colonies}} have a fuzzy growth.
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Published	07/30/2024	A colony margin that is described as {{c1::entire}} is sharply defined and even.
Published	07/30/2024	A colony margin that is described as {{c1::filamentous}} has a threadlike or fingerlike spreading edge.
Published	07/30/2024	A colony margin that is described as {{c1::lobate}} has marked indentation.
Published	07/30/2024	A colony margin that is described as {{c1::undulate}} has wavy indentations.
Published	07/30/2024	A colony margin that is described as {{c1::serrate}} has a toothlike appearance.
Published	07/30/2024	The elevation is not discernible in a colony with a {{c1::flat}} elevation.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::raised::elevation}} colony is slightly elevated.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::convex::elevation}} colony has a dome-shaped elevation.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::umbonate::elevation}} colony has a raised surface with an elevated convex central region.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::umbilicate::elevation}} colony has a raised surface with a depressed/concave center.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Transillumination}} is used for the identification of the {{c2::density}} of colonies.
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::translucent::density}} colony allows light to pass.
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::opaque::density}} colony does not allow light to pass.
Published	07/30/2024	MicroorganismColorCoagulase-negative Staphylococci{{c1::White}}Micrococcus spp.{{c2::Yellow or off-white}}Enterococcus and mos…
Published	07/30/2024	MicroorganismConsistencyNocardia spp. {{c1::Brittle, crumbly, wrinkled}}Staphylococcus aureus{{c2::Creamy}}Beta-hemolytic stre…
Published	07/30/2024	MicroorganismPigment Chromobacterium violaceum{{c1::Purple}}Serratia marcescens{{c2::Brick red}}Pseudomonas aeruginosa{{c3::Gr…
Published	07/30/2024	MicroorganismOdorHaemophilus spp.{{c1::Musty basement, mousy or mouse nest smell}}S. aureus{{c2::Old sock}}P. mirabilis{{c3::Putrid…
Published	07/30/2024	Growth of organisms in liquid media appears in:{{c1::change of color, turbidity, or transparency}}{{c1::presence of streamers or vines}}{{c1::gas bubb…
Published	07/30/2024	If the microorganism is {{c1::anaerobic::aerobic/anaerobic}}, scum is found at the {{c2::bottom}}.
Published	07/30/2024	If the microorganism is {{c1::aerobic::aerobic/anaerobic}}, scum is found at the {{c2::surface}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Susceptibility tests}} test if a certain microbe/organism will react or be treated by a certain antibiotic.
Published	07/30/2024	Factors which determine when to perform a susceptibility test: {{c1::Body site from which the microorganism was collected}}{{c1::Presence of othe…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::McFarland 0.5}} is a traditional antimicrobial test method that uses {{c2::turbidity}} to determine the amount of bacteria in colony used f…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)}} is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit the visible growth of a micr…
Published	07/30/2024	In a {{c1::broth macrodilution}} test, a standardized suspension of test bacteria is added to each dilution to obtain a final bacterial concentra…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::broth microdilution}} test is similar to the broth macrodilution test, except more efficient because it can test multiple antimicrobial…
Published	07/30/2024	In the {{c1::Agar dilution}} test, different concentrations of the antimicrobial agent are incorporate into an agar medium and are followed …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Disk diffusion/Kirby-Bauer test}} involves placing antibiotics in disks and establishing the zone diameter interpretive breakpoints.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Zone of inhibition}} is the cleared area around the disk where bacteria do not grow because of an antibiotic.
Published	07/30/2024	The zone of inhibition can be interpreted through {{c1::diameter}} and {{c1::reference table}}.
Published	07/30/2024	InoculationIncubationIsolationInspectionIdentification
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Colistin-Nalidixic}} agar encourages Gram {{c2::positive}} organisms and (usually Staphylococcus) inhibits gram {{c2::negative}} organism
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Swarming}} colonies exhibit a circular type of growth.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Diphtheroid}} colonies exhibit a fuzzy growth.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::McFarland 0.5 Standard}} uses turbidity to determine the amount of bacteria in colony used for culturing to standardize inocula.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::McFarland 0.5 Standard}} is composed of {{c2::99.5}}mL of 1% {{c3::sulfuric acid}} + {{c2::0.5}}mL of 1.175% {{c3::barium chloride…
Published	07/30/2024	A liquid media of 100mL with the same turbidity as a 0.5 McFarland unit has about {{c1::1.5 x 10^8}} CFU/mL of bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	If the inoculum concentration of bacteria is too {{c2::few/thin}} it may lead to a false {{c1::positive (susceptible)}} result. If the inoculum concen…
Published	07/30/2024	MacConkey agar can differentiate {{c1::lactose fermenters}} from {{c1::non-lactose fermenters}}, making it a differential media.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MacConkey agar}} encourages the growth of {{c2::Gram negative}} bacteria but inhibits the growth of {{c2::Gram positive…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)}} inhibits gram-{{c1::positive}} with eosin and methylene blue and is selective for gram-{{c1::negatives}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) is good for growing {{c1::enteric}} bacteria.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chocolate agar}} is prepared by heating blood agar.
Published	07/30/2024	Armadillos are used as culture vessels for {{c1::Mycobacterium leprae}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c1::gamma}} hemolysis, no hemolytic factor or chemical is being produced.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}Contaminated samples with more than two species may not require susceptibility test.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}}Susceptibility tests are routinely done on isolated bacteria from an anatomic site for which they are normal inhabitants.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}}Species usually viewed as normal flora may not be responsible for infections, and therefore do not require testing in all patients.
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