Notes in MCBL 121::Chapters 6 and 11

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Published	05/21/2024	Are viruses alive?Historically, Viruses were defined as {{c1::nonliving Particles}}, at the moment (different opinions by scientist){{c1::Ivanovs…
Published	05/21/2024	General Characteristics of Viruses{{c1::Genetic Material}}: DNA or RNA (Cannot have both){{c1::Protein coat}} → Capsomeres make up the capsi…
Published	05/21/2024	Viral Classification{{c1::Nucleic Acid }}{{c1::Morphology}} (shape){{c1::Replication strategy}}
Published	05/21/2024	Morphology of VirusesCapside shape results from capsomere arrangement4 types of viral shapes{{c1::Polyhedral}} (typically) = icosahedron (20 sides){{c…
Published	05/21/2024	Complex/Tailed VirusesTailed viruses have {{c1::complex multipart structures}} that often include elaborate delivery devicesFor example, bacteriophage…
Published	05/21/2024	EnvelopeOnly in some (otherwise "naked)Surrounds {{c1::capsid}}Composed of host {{c1::cell membrane}} (acquired when the virus leves the host cel…
Published	05/21/2024	General Stucture of a virus
Published	05/21/2024	MorphologyFilamentous VirusesThe capsid consists of a {{c1::long tube of protein that possesses helical symmetry}}. The capsid protein monomers surrou…
Published	05/21/2024	Viruses in EcosystemsA {{c1::virus}} is a noncellular particle that infects a host cell and directs it to produce progeny particles (more {{c2::viruse…
Published	05/21/2024	Viruses Infect Specific HostsViruses typically infect {{c1::specific hosts}} and a range of cells within these {{c1::hosts}}"{{c1::Spikes}}" bind to h…
New Card	05/22/2024	Integrated Viral GenomesIntegrase (HIV) that will allow for the virus genetic material to become part of the {{c1::host}}Some viruses do more than rep…
New Card	05/22/2024	Asymmetrical Virions{{c1::Poxviruses}} are large asymmetrical viruses with genomes that contain over 200 genesTheir genome is surround by {{c1::severa…
New Card	05/22/2024	Dynamic Nature of VirusesThe virion, or virus particle, consists of a nucleic acid genome contained by a {{c1::protein capsid}}. A viron may infect a …
New Card	05/22/2024	General structure of a Virus
New Card	05/22/2024	The Baltimore Virus ClassificationIn 1971, {{c1::David Baltimore}} proposed that the classes of viruses be distinguished by two main criteria{{c1::Gen…
New Card	05/22/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2145:top=.0414:width=.2826:height=.1406:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4094:top=.6977:width=.2066:height=.212…
New Card	05/22/2024	Viral Priorities (what is needed for virus to make more viruses)
New Card	05/24/2024	Class I, {{c1::dsDNA}} ReplicationEverything is from {{c1::host}}. Doesn't need anything else since it follows central dogmaThe flow of information fo…
New Card	05/24/2024	Examples of viral Class I{{c1::Small pox}}{{c1::human herpes}}: mouth
New Card	05/24/2024	Class IV, {{c1::+ssRNA}}Viruses with {{c1::plus-stranded RNA}}, such as poliovirus, can use their {{c1::genome directly as mRNA with translation by th…
New Card	05/24/2024	Examples of viral Class IV{{c1::Polio}}{{c1::COVID}}{{c1::West-Nile Virus}}
New Card	05/24/2024	Class VI, {{c1::+ssRNA (retroviruses)}}The {{c1::+ssRNA}}, it is not used as mRNA. Instead, the virus uses its {{c1::reverse transcriptase}} to synthe…
New Card	05/24/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0158:top=.5883:width=.0924:height=.2719:oi=1}}
New Card	05/24/2024	Replication Cycle of HIV{{c1::Attachment }}Spike (gp120)CO4, CCR5Fussion or by endocytosisExit via buddingInside the cell, {{c1::viral RNA}} is t…
New Card	05/24/2024	Resistance to HIV InfectionInitial strong and effective immune responseOnce HIV establishes a pool of latently infected {{c1::CD4+ T cells}}, it …
New Card	05/24/2024	The Baltimore Virus Classification
New Card	05/24/2024	Culturing VirusesCulturing Viruses requires {{c1::growth in host cells}}In the laboratory, viruses are cultured either in {{c1::batch culture}}&n…
New Card	05/24/2024	Growing Animal Viruses in the Laboratory In living {{c1::animals}}In embryonated eggsVirus injected into {{c1::egg}}Viral growth is signaled by {…
New Card	05/24/2024	Growing Animal Viruses in the laboratoryIn cell culturesVirally infected cells are detected via their {{c1::deterioration}}, known as the {{c1::cytopa…
New Card	05/24/2024	Mechanisms of Viral Induced CancerSome animal viruses enter host cell and {{c1::permanently alter its genetic material}} resulting in cancer - transfo…
New Card	05/24/2024	Viral IdentificationCytopathic effects: {{c1::Cell lysis}}{{c1::Misshapen}}{{c1::Inclusion Bodies}} (viral): Apoptosis/BlebbingSerological test (…
New Card	05/24/2024	Multiplication of BacteriophagesLytic Cycle: {{c1::Lysis}}{{c1::Tevens}} (T4,T6), (T7), Type =TLysogenic{{c1::Template}}/T(lambda)Both {{c1::lytic + l…
New Card	05/24/2024	Viral Multiplication of Bacteriophages{{c1::Bacteriophages}} - Viruses (phages) that infect bacteriaMultiplication is similar to {{c1::animal}} v…
New Card	05/24/2024	Lytic Cycle: Bacteriaphages unique enzymes needed is {{c1::lysozyme}}{{c1::Attachment}}: Phage attaches by tail fibers to {{c1::host cell}}{{c1::Penet…
New Card	05/24/2024	Bacteriophages Infect a host cellTo commence an infection cycle, bacteriophages need to {{c1::contact and attach to the surface of an appropriate host…
New Card	05/24/2024	Bacteriophages Infect a host cellVarious kinds of host molecules can serve as a phage receptor, such as {{c1::LPS}} components, {{c1::membrane protein…
New Card	05/24/2024	Bacteriophages infect a host cellMost bacteriophages (phages) deliver only their genome into a cell through a {{c1::cell envelope}}The {{c1::phage cap…
New Card	05/24/2024	Phage ReleasePlaque Assay{{c1::E.coli}} + {{c1::Bacteriophage}}IncubatePlate on AgarPlaque forming units, 1 virus (lysis events)Forgot Bacteria: {{c1:…
New Card	05/24/2024	Lysogenic CycleOnly temperate lambda phage can make {{c1::prophages}} (lysogenic cycle)Excision of prophage and induce lytic cycle
New Card	05/24/2024	Bacteriophages lambda (λ): The lysogenic CycleLysogeny: Phage remains {{c1::latent (Dormant)}}Phage DNA incorporates into {{c1::host cell DNA}}Inserte…
New Card	05/24/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0475:top=.6021:width=.0965:height=.1446:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.22:top=.5985:width=.1213:height=.0578:…
New Card	05/24/2024	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2039:top=.0377:width=.2442:height=.1811:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.53:top=.0203:width=.25:height=.2055:oi…
New Card	05/24/2024	Lysogeny in BacteriaBacteria may require the ability to produce {{c1::toxins}} when they are infected with {{c1::lysogenic phage}}E.Coli O157: H7&nbsp…
New Card	05/24/2024	The Gut Bacteriophage CommunityThe best-understood phage community is that of the {{c1::gut virome}}Research yields intriguing evidence for phage effe…
New Card	05/24/2024	Ecological Roles of VirusesThe sum of viral populations in an ecosystem is called the {{c1::virome}}On a global scale, viruses are critical players in…
New Card	05/24/2024	Culturing Bacteriophages - Plaque Assay of Viral TitrePurpose: to determine the {{c1::titer (PFU/mL) of the original stock solution Bacteriophages are…
New Card	05/24/2024	Plant Virus Replication CyclesIn contrast to animal viruses and bacteriophages, plant viruses infect cells by {{c1::mechanisms that do not involve spe…
New Card	05/24/2024	Plant Virus Replicaiton CyclesWithin a plant, the thick cell walls prevent a {{c1::lytic burst}} or {{c1::budding out of virions}}Instead, plant virus…
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