Notes in BCM_B4

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Published	02/10/2025	The following are Macronutrients except:a. Carbohydratesb. Proteinc. Vitaminsd. Fats
Published	02/10/2025	Proteins should not be overused for energy. Proteins do notcontribute to DNA replication and amino acid production.a. Both statements are correctb. Bo…
Published	02/10/2025	Which nutrient has the highest caloric density per gram?a. Carbohydratesb. Proteinsc. Fatsd. Water
Published	02/10/2025	What is Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?a. The rate at which the body burns calories during exercise.b. The rate at which the body expends energy while at …
Published	02/10/2025	A young woman suffered severe burns (2nd degree) and is in asevere catabolic state requiring 35 kcal/kg/day and 1.8 gprotein/kg/day. She weighs 121 lb…
Published	02/10/2025	An elderly man with advanced-stage cancer is in a catabolic staterequiring 30 kcal/kg/day and 1.5 g protein/kg/day. He weighs 165lbs (75 kg). Total pa…
Published	02/10/2025	BMI value for Class II obesitya. 25.0-29.9b. 30.0-34.9c. 35.0-39.9d. Above 40
Published	02/10/2025	The parameters needed for BMI calculation are:a. Weight in gb. Height in cmc. Weight in kg, Height in md. Weight in g, Height in ft
Published	02/10/2025	Benefits of weight loss include the following, excepta. Increases life expectancyb. Decreases insulin sensitivity and normalizes glycemiac. Decreases …
Published	02/10/2025	True of Marasmus, except:a. Diminished proteins and hormonesb. Little or no fat under the skinc. Generally occurs in children 6-18 monthsd. None of th…
Published	02/10/2025	Haber-Weiss and Fenton Reactions generate a hydroxyl radical by non enzymatic reactions. Haber-Weiss Reaction utilizes metals that serve as single ele…
Published	02/10/2025	Antioxidants...a. Accepts an electron from a free radical;b. Donates two electrons to a free radical;c. Donates an electron to a free radical;d. Accep…
Published	02/10/2025	H2O2 can form after CoQH transfers an electron to dissolved O2. Myeloperoxidase activates to catalyze the combination of nitric oxide and superoxide t…
Published	02/10/2025	Leaks free radicals from reactions where single electrons aretransferred to O2 and an organic substratea. Nitric oxide synthaseb. NADPH oxidasec. Myel…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following converts the oxygen free radical orsuperoxide to hydrogen peroxidea. Superoxide dismutaseb. Catalasec. Glutathione peroxidased.…
Published	02/10/2025	Vitamin E donates a free electron making it a free radical. It ispolar.a. Statement 1 is correct, Statement 2 is incorrectb. Statement 1 is incorrect,…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is a role of glutathione (GSH) in thebody?a. Supports the production of ATPb. Protects cells from free radicalsc. Acts as a fat…
Published	02/10/2025	What makes Alpha Lipoic Acid (ALA) unique amongantioxidants?a. It only works in fat environmentsb. It cannot regenerate other antioxidantsc. It functi…
Published	02/10/2025	What cellular damage caused by free radicals is indicated byan increase in malondialdehyde in the blood?a. Membrane attackb. Protein and peptide damag…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following amino acids is NOT particularlysusceptible to hydroxyl radical attack and oxidative damage?a. Prolineb. Argininec. Cystined. Me…
Published	02/10/2025	Nrf2 is negatively regulated by Keap1. In the presence ofOxidative Stress, ARE is released to regulate antioxidantresponse.a. Statement 1 is True but …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following scenarios most effectively illustratesAscorbate acting as a pro-oxidant?a. Ascorbate’s ability to enhance iron absorption from …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is TRUE regarding the difference betweenVitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol)?a. Vitamin D2 is the more …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following enzymes is responsible for convertingcalcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D) into its active form, calcitriol(1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D)?…
Published	02/10/2025	Vitamin K deficiency in an individual may present aa. Decreased Prothrombin Time & Bleedingb. Prolonged Prothrombin Time & Hemorrhagec. Either…
Published	02/10/2025	When a form of Vitamin E reacts with lipid peroxide radicals, atocopheroxyl radical is formed. It is then reduced back totocopherol by Vitamin K in th…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following best describes the mechanism of vitaminA toxicity?a. Excess vitamin A leads to hyperstimulation of rhodopsin,causing photorecep…
Published	02/10/2025	Why does vitamin A deficiency take months to manifestclinically?a. Retinal pigment epithelium compensates for decreasedretinol levels by upregulating …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following best describes calcinosis?a. Deposition of calcium in soft tissues due to increasedcalcium absorption from bones.b. Formation o…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following enzymes requires Vitamin B1(Thiamine) as a cofactor?a. Pyruvate dehydrogenaseb. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenasec. Succinate d…
Published	02/10/2025	A 28-year-old woman presents with fatigue, pallor, andnumbness in her hands and feet. Laboratory tests reveal macrocyticanemia with hypersegmented neu…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements is true?a. Specificity is the ability of a test to correctly identifypatients with diseaseb. Sensitivity is the abil…
Published	02/10/2025	All are common preanalytical errors which occur after thecollection of specimens excepta. Inadequate mixing/clotsb. Wrong container/wrong additivec. I…
Published	02/10/2025	You are developing a new test to detect influenza. If thistest will be used to screen a patient, what measure shouldbe prioritized?a. Positive Predict…
Published	02/10/2025	A doctor collected a blood sample for a patient to be usedfor cortisol level testing. He collected the sample frompatient Wonwoo who had recently eate…
Published	02/10/2025	What is the path of light through a spectrophotometer?a. Light source, filter, sample, photodetector, processorb. Sample, light source, photodetector,…
Published	02/10/2025	What type of molecules is Atomic Absorption Spectrometry(AAS) commonly used to analyze?a. Proteins and carbohydratesb. Metals that can be atomized eas…
Published	02/10/2025	What is the main difference between PlaneChromatography and Column Chromatography?a. Plane Chromatography occurs on a flat surface, whileColumn Chroma…
Published	02/10/2025	The improved specificity of Gas chromatography with massspectrometry allows it to be used in the detection of whattype of analytes?a. Heavy metalsb. L…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is incorrectly paireda. Northeastern blot: RNAb. Western blot: Proteinsc. Southern blot: DNAd. NOTA
Published	02/10/2025	In hyperthyroidism, the thyroid gland has increased activityproducing an increase in TSH, T4, and T3. While inhypothyroidism, TSH is increased with lo…
Published	02/10/2025	A 55-year-old male patient is experiencing sudden onset of severe headache, rapid heartbeat, and high blood pressure. He is also having difficulty sle…
Published	02/10/2025	A 35-year-old woman presents to the clinic with fatigue, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating. Blood tests reveal elevated levels of cortisol, an…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following hormones is stored in an inactive form and then converted to its active form before secretion? A. Testosterone B.Parathy…
Published	02/10/2025	How are steroid hormones different from peptide hormones in terms of synthesis and storage? A. Steroid hormones are synthesized as inactive pre…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is true about the biological activity of hormones bound to plasma transport proteins? A. Bound hormones are biologically…
Published	02/10/2025	Jenna has been diagnosed with a condition that reduces the production of plasma transport proteins in her body. Which of the following is likely to oc…
Published	02/10/2025	How does neuronal signaling differ from endocrine signaling in terms of speed and duration? A.Neuronal signaling is slower and systemic, while …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is a correct pairing of a hormone and its type? A.Insulin – Water-insoluble B.Epinephrine – Water-insoluble C.Steroid ho…
Published	02/10/2025	A patient is administered a hormone that requires a plasma transport protein for circulation and exerts its effects by altering gene transcription. Wh…
Published	02/10/2025	What is a key difference between Group I and Group II hormones? A.Group I hormones act via second messengers, while Group II hormones bind to i…
Published	02/10/2025	Which type of hormone can easily diffuse across the cell membrane to bind to intracellular receptors?a) Peptide hormonesb) Amino acid derivativesc) St…
Published	02/10/2025	In paracrine signaling, the signaling molecule travels long distances through the bloodstream to reach target cells. The signaling molecule has a lowe…
Published	02/10/2025	Lipid-soluble messengers includea) cGMP, cAMPb) IP3, PIP3c) DAG, PIP3d) DAG, IP3
Published	02/10/2025	GEFs turn on signaling by catalyzing the exchange from G-protein-bound GDP to GTP. GAPs terminate signaling by inducing GTP hydrolysis.a) Statement 1 …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding intracellular receptors in signal transduction?a) Intracellular receptors typically bind hydrophil…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is TRUE about the subtypes of acetylcholine receptors?a) Nicotinic receptors are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) that media…
Published	02/10/2025	In endocrine signaling, the ligands bind to their receptors with relatively low affinity compared to other types of signaling, such as endocrine signa…
Published	02/10/2025	Certain types of ion channels are activated upon binding of second messengers such as cAMP, cGMP, or Ca2+. These second messengers accumulate upon act…
Published	02/10/2025	How does cholera toxin affect G protein signaling?A) Inhibits Gαi, leading to decreased cAMP levelsB) ADP-ribosylates Gαs, causing continuous activati…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following explains why different GPCRs can produce distinct cellular responses despite using the same signaling pathways? A) Diffe…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is TRUE?A. Autophosphorylation only occurs in receptor tyrosine kinaseB. MAP is only phosphorylated by MAPKC. The G-alpha subun…
Published	02/10/2025	Downregulation of adenylyl cyclase will produce which of the following effects?A.Inactivation of GPCRB.Inactivation of G proteinC.Inactivation of STAT…
Published	02/10/2025	Gastrin produced in G cells of the stomach stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCl. Gastrin acts by what mechanism?A.EndocrineB.ExocrineC.ParacrineD.…
Published	02/10/2025	True or False: Desensitization is one possible mechanism of type 2 diabetes?
Published	02/10/2025	Protein X has a binding domain specific for phosphorylated tyrosine residues. What receptors will it associate with?A.RTKB.Cytokine ReceptorsC.GPCRD.M…
Published	02/10/2025	The following are inhibitors of insulin secretion except: a. Epinephrineb. Glucagonc. Glucosed. Cortisol
Published	02/10/2025	What is the function of tolbutamide in stimulating insulin secretion? a. It is a sulfonylurea compound that interacts with ATP-sensitive K+ cha…
Published	02/10/2025	The following enzymes are inhibited by somatostatin except a. Insulinb. Melatoninc. Glucosagond. Pancreatic polypeptide
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is the main function of somatostatin? a. Stimulate insulin secretionb. Inhibit growth hormonec. Increase gastric acid pr…
Published	02/10/2025	The glucagon is secreted by what cells? a. Alphab. Betac. Epsilond. Gamma
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements are true about Glucagon except: a. A peptide hormone with 29 Amino acids.b. Synthesized mainly in the B-cells…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following correctly describes the physiological effects of Gastric Inhibitory Peptide (GIP)? a. It increases gastric motility and …
Published	02/10/2025	A 4-year-old child presents with severe early-onset obesity, hyperphagia, and high insulin levels. Genetic testing reveals a mutation in the leptin ge…
Published	02/10/2025	The following hormones increase acid secretion except: a. Acetylcholineb. Prostaglandin (PGE2)c. Gastrind. Histamine
Published	02/10/2025	Ach and CCK act on Gq family of GPCR. On the other hand, Secretin acts on Gs family of GPCR. a. Only the first statement is trueb. Only the sec…
Published	02/10/2025	The hormones that the hypothalamus sends to the anterior pituitary are stimulatory in nature. Prepro-vasopressin is cleaved into neuroph…
Published	02/10/2025	The following hormones travel through the hypophysealportal system towards the Anterior pituitary EXCEPT:a. GnRHb. CRHc. TSHd. PIF
Published	02/10/2025	Which hormones are produced from the cleavage of thepro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) precursor in the anteriorpituitary?a. α-MSH (α-Melanocyte-stimulating …
Published	02/10/2025	In Cushing’s Syndrome, the hyperpigmentation seen insome patients is primarily due to:a. Excessive production of α-MSHb. ACTH binding to MSH receptors…
Published	02/10/2025	TRH stimulates the release of dopamine to continue therelease of Prolactin in the AP. Prolactin has a cytokinereceptor while GH has a tyrosine-kinase …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of these statements about Prolactin is incorrect?a. Prolactin is secreted from the lactotrophs in theAPb. Excessive Prolactin has been associate…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements is FALSE regardingvasopressin?a. Released due to changes in plasma osmolalityand pressure in the heart and other vas…
Published	02/10/2025	Spending time with friends or your loved ones increasesthe secretion of what hormone?a. Cortisolb. Oxytocinc. Vasopressind. Growth hormone
Published	02/10/2025	Somatocrinin is the hypothalamic inhibitory /release-inhibiting hormone of GH. Somatostatin is thereleasing hormone of GH.a. Only Statement 1 is corre…
Published	02/10/2025	Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormoneproduced primarily in the Anterior Pituitary Gland. Itprovides negative feedback by limiting GH secre…
Published	02/10/2025	TSH receptor:a. Enzyme-linked receptorb. GPCRc. Cytokine receptord. NOTA
Published	02/10/2025	IP3 binds to the IP3receptor found on the ER whichrelease of Ca2+ from the ER. DAG activates the ProteinKinase C which will phosphorylation of specifi…
Published	02/10/2025	A patient presents with symptoms of hypothyroidism. Laboratoryresults show low T3 and T4, but TSH levels are elevated. Which ofthe following mechanism…
Published	02/10/2025	A researcher is investigating a drug that selectively inhibits theenzyme responsible for deiodination of MIT and DIT in the thyroidfollicular cells. W…
Published	02/10/2025	The thyroid gland is accurately described as:a. Unilobed organ with follicles lined with stratifisquamous epitheliumb. Bilobed organ connected by an i…
Published	02/10/2025	The thyroid gland is also responsible for the production ofparathyroid hormones due to the close proximity of the thyroidgland and the parathyroid gla…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following correctly differentiates Group Ihormones from Group II hormones?a. Group I hormones require transport proteins, whereasGroup II…
Published	02/10/2025	A 35-year-old woman presents to the clinic with complaints ofunexplained weight loss, increased heart rate, excessivesweating, and nervousness. On phy…
Published	02/10/2025	A patient with hyperthyroidism is prescribed a drug thatinhibits thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Which of the following bestdescribes the mechanism of actio…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following correctly describes the regulation ofthyroid hormone secretion via the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid(HPT) axis?a. Increased T3…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following best explains the pathophysiologicalmechanism underlying Graves' disease?a. Thyroid peroxidase inhibition leads to reduced…
Published	02/10/2025	The zona fasciculata of the adrenal medulla secretescortisol. This hormone helps regulate heart rate, sweating,and other activities regulated by the s…
Published	02/10/2025	In the cell, cholesterol is bound to sterol transfer proteinand transported to the mitochondria. Cholesterol is thenconverted into pregnenolone by Cyt…
Published	02/10/2025	A female neonatal patient presents with ambiguousgenitalia. Lab tests show hypernatremia and hypokalemia.What is the possible enzyme deficiency in thi…
Published	02/10/2025	The enzyme that is responsible for the rate-limiting step insteroid hormone synthesis is found in which part of thebody?a. sER of Adrenal Medullab. sE…
Published	02/10/2025	The following are hydroxylases associated withGlucocorticoid synthesis, EXCEPTa. 17 alphahydroxylaseb. 21 hydroxylase (SER)c. 11β-hydroxylased. 18-hyd…
Published	02/10/2025	What enzyme is important for the synthesis ofMineralocorticoids and Glucocorticoids?a. 17,20-lyaseb. 21-Hydroxylasec. P45017d. 17-alphahydroxylase
Published	02/10/2025	The excessive administration of glucocorticoids can causecushing syndrome with symptoms like hypoglycemia,glucose intolerance and muscle wasting. Adis…
Published	02/10/2025	Which amino acid does hormones of the adrenal medullasynthesized froma. Tryptophanb. Tyrosinec. Threonined. A & B
Published	02/10/2025	What is the rate-limiting step of catecholamine synthesis?a. DOPA decarboxylaseb. Dopamine-B-hydroxylasec. Phenylethanolamine-N-M-ethyltransferased. T…
Published	02/10/2025	What is the degradation product produced from MAO andCOMT?a. Pyridoxal phosphateb. Norepinephrinec. Vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)d. Tetrahydrobiopterin …
Published	02/10/2025	Serum ionized calcium is regulated by the body except for? A.Parathyroid HormoneB. CalcitoninC. CalcitriolD. Prolactin
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following correctly describes the role of Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) in calcium homeostasis? A. PTH is secreted in response to high…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements about PTH release is TRUE? A. High calcium levels activate calcium sensors, leading to increased PTH secretio…
Published	02/10/2025	The primary action of PTH on the kidneys includes all of the following EXCEPT: A. Increased calcium reabsorption B. Increased phosphate reabso…
Published	02/10/2025	In the bone, PTH stimulates osteoclast activity through which of the following mechanisms? A. Binding to osteoblast receptors, leading to the …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements about PTH secretion regulation is FALSE? A. Hypercalcemia inhibits PTH release by activating calcium-sensing…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements correctly explains why Vitamin D is considered a hormone rather than a vitamin?A. Vitamin D is obtained only through…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following correctly describes the activation process of Vitamin D3 A. Vitamin D3 is immediately active upon synthesis in the skin.…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following is the primary stimulus for calcitonin secretion from the thyroid gland?A. Low plasma calcium levelsB. High plasma calcium leve…
Published	02/10/2025	A patient with hypercalcemia is administered synthetic calcitonin as part of their treatment. Which of the following cell types is the primary target …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following pathophysiologic mechanisms most directly leads to the development of hypocalcemia and tetany after thyroidectomy?A. Decreased …
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following best describes the mechanism by which chronic kidney disease (CKD) contributes to secondary hyperparathyroidism?A. Increased ca…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following timespan is considered as “early fasting state"?a. 3 hrs post-mealb. 3-16 hrs post meal c. 16 - 72 hrs post meand. 3 days …
Published	02/10/2025	Generally, muscle tissue stores more glycogen than the liver. Meanwhile, the liver has more concentrated glycogen. a. Only the first is true b.…
Published	02/10/2025	Which among the following is NOT a metabolic fate of proteins during the fed state? a. Protein synthesisb. Synthesis of nitrogen-containing com…
Published	02/10/2025	Enzyme that acts on chylomicrons to liberate fatty acids a. Lipoprotein lipaseb. Hormone-sensitive lipasec. Phospholipased. Gastric lipase
Published	02/10/2025	Major stimulator of insulin release in the pancreas. a. Decreased glucagon levelsb. Low carbohydrate mealc. High concentration of proteind. Hig…
Published	02/10/2025	What happens to excess glucose in the liver during the fed state? a. It is stored as glycogen and converted into triglycerides for transport vi…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements best explains why red blood cells (RBCs) produce lactate as a metabolic byproduct in the fed state? a. RBCs l…
Published	02/10/2025	Glucose serves as a major fuel source for the brain. During the Fasted state, plasma insulin increases a. Both statements are correctb. Both st…
Published	02/10/2025	The following happens during Fasted state, except: a. Increased blood glucoseb. Increased plasma insulinc. Increased blood ketone bodiesd. Incr…
Published	02/10/2025	Which statement is true during FASTING state a. Liver glycogen stores increase, leading to gluconeogenesis from amino acids, lactate, and glyce…
Published	02/10/2025	After prolonged starvation, which of the following adaptations occurs in the brain to reduce muscle protein breakdown? a. Increased reliance on…
Published	02/10/2025	Which of the following statements best explains why red blood cells (RBCs) cannot use ketone bodies as an energy source during prolonged starvation? …
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