Notes in MB721 - exam #1

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Published	05/10/2024	What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
Published	05/10/2024	Purpose of inflammation (3)
Published	05/10/2024	How does inflammation protect the body? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the barriers of innate (non-specific) immunity? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the soluble mediators of innate (non-specific) immunity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the cells of innate (non-specific) immunity? (6)- which are leukocytes? (WBCs)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the soluble mediators of adaptive (specific) immunity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is an exudative reaction?
Published	05/10/2024	When is chronic inflammation primary? (precedes acute inflammation) (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Once tissue injury/infection results, what is released & from what cells?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of histamine? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	When histamine increases vasodilatation, what symptoms does this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	When histamine increases vascular permeability, what symptom does this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	What are vasoactive mediators of inflammation? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	What are chemotactic mediators of inflammation? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What is loss of function caused by?
Published	05/10/2024	What is hyperemia?
Published	05/10/2024	What does vasodilatation result from?
Published	05/10/2024	Define edema
Published	05/10/2024	What causes capillary permeability (gapped endothelium)? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the positive aspects of inflammatory edema? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the most common response form of edema?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different phases of edema? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What are treatments that can be used for each phase of edema (not including latent)? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What chemical mediators induce the delayed phase of edema? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is the immediate phase of edema shorter than the delayed phase?
Published	05/10/2024	What acts on local capillaries to increase flow & cause edema? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Define opsonin- what are examples of opsonins? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	When can healing proceed?- what can this result in?
Published	05/10/2024	Why does C3 divide?1) function of C3A?2) function of C3B?
Published	05/10/2024	How do T-cells more finely 'direct' inflammation?
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what is released from the blood vessel? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what is released from PMNs? (3) - what do each of these contribute to?
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what is released from mast cells? (3)- what do each of these contribute to?
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what is the function of C3a? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what is the function of cytokines released from T cells? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Acute inflammation drawing:what contributes to scar formation (repair)? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Published	05/10/2024	What do PRRs bind to? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What does the lysosome contain? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	When does the destructive enzymes & chemicals w/in the phagolysosome become active?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a respiratory burst?
Published	05/10/2024	What is pinocytosis?
Published	05/10/2024	Phagocytosis drawing:what are the receptors that bind opsonin? (2)- what do they each bind?
Published	05/10/2024	Phagocytosis drawing:what are the steps of phagocytosis? (6)(blue words on the side)
Published	05/10/2024	Phagocytosis drawing:1) where does the lysosome come from?2) what proteins are found in the phagolysosome?3) what is found in macrophages that are not…
Published	05/10/2024	What cells are found in chronic inflammation? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What do cytokines released from macrophages & T cells stimulate? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	When does a granuloma form?
Published	05/10/2024	What does a granuloma consist of?- what is the function of a granuloma?
Published	05/10/2024	What fills destroyed tissue during chronic inflammation?
Published	05/10/2024	What leads to permanent loss of function in the body?
Published	05/10/2024	Do crippling diseases consist of chronic or acute inflammatory reactions?
Published	05/10/2024	Are cytokines more important in acute or chronic inflammation?
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokines do T-cells produce?- what does it^ do?
Published	05/10/2024	How are macrophages different from super macs?
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation drawing:what are the functions of cytokines from T cells? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation drawing:what is released from the vascular system that isn't released during acute?- what is the function of those cells^
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation drawing:what kinds of cells are found in a granuloma? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation drawing:what occurs to the outside region of the granuloma? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Chronic inflammation drawing:what is the difference between immunological vs non-immunological?
Published	05/10/2024	What fast-acting mediators modulate the immediate response of acute inflammation? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What lipid mediators are involved in accumulation & activation of infiltrating cells? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Define cytokines/chemokines
Published	05/10/2024	What cytokines are very important in acute inflammation? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Define chemokines
Published	05/10/2024	What is a systemic response marked by? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	How do mediators interact in inflammatory responses?
Published	05/10/2024	What is a preformed inflammatory mediator?1) what is the origin? (2)2) what is the action? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Enzyme system mediators (4)- origin?- major action?
Published	05/10/2024	Nitric oxide:1) origin? (2)2) action?
Published	05/10/2024	Bradykinin:1) origin?2) action? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Fibrin:1) origin?2) action? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	C3a, C4a, C5a1) origin?2) action? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Lipid mediators (3)1) origin?2) action?
Published	05/10/2024	Leukotrienes:1) origin?2) action? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Prostaglandins:1) origin?2) action?
Published	05/10/2024	PAF:1) origin? (3)2) action? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	IL-8:1) origin?2) action? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Cytokines (5):action?
Published	05/10/2024	IL-1:1) origin?2) action? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	IL-6:1) origin? (2)2) action? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	IFN-gamma:1) origin?2) action?
Published	05/10/2024	TNF-alpha:1) origin? (2)2) action? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	CSF:1) origin? (2)2) action?
Published	05/10/2024	What are acute phase proteins?- what do they aid in?
Published	05/10/2024	What is released from the kidney during a systemic inflammatory response?- what is the function of this^
Published	05/10/2024	What defines which leukocytes are recruited to a site? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 steps of leukocyte trafficking?
Published	05/10/2024	What can arrested leukocytes respond to during triggering? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What aspect of dentistry does not deal with inflammation?
Published	05/10/2024	What determines if pulp is going to initiate an acute or chronic inflammatory response?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes macrophages to become super-macs? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease drawing:what does a macrophage release? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease drawing:what degrades the extra-cellular matrix? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease drawing:what activates fibroblasts? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease drawing:what activates osteoclasts? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Periodontal disease drawing:what is TLR-4?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the extracellular matrix consist of? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What can cause de-coupling of osteoblasts & osteoclast activities?- what will be upregulated?
Published	05/10/2024	What methods are used to identify microorganisms? (5)- which are direct & which are indirect?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 broad groups of infectious microbial agents?
Published	05/10/2024	Is it important to determine the exact microbe that causes periodontal disease?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	What microorganisms make up the normal flora? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Why are normal flora helpful?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the usual cause of opportunistic infections?
Published	05/10/2024	Are viruses considered part of normal microbial flora?
Published	05/10/2024	What does diagnosis often require?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 6 steps of diagnostic microbiology?
Published	05/10/2024	What antibodies are present during acute vs convalescence (chronic) infection?
Published	05/10/2024	Diagnostic microbiology - direct visualization; what do the following test for?1) gram stain2) acid fast stain3) india ink4) KOH prep5) FITC serology6…
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different ways bacteria can be cultured? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the different ways viruses can be cultured? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	After culturing bacteria, what are the different ways of identifying the bacteria? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	After culturing viruses, what are the different ways of identifying the virus? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What does microbial disease result from? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are pathogens capable of? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Define virulence factors- what are examples of virulence factors? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of cells that exist?
Published	05/10/2024	How many genes are in human eukaryotic cells?- how many in bacteria cells?
Published	05/10/2024	Bacteria are ___ the volume of our cells- what do they lack?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the bacterial cell wall protect from?
Published	05/10/2024	What kind of nucleic cells are found in all cells?- what kind is found in viruses?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 3 domains of life?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 5 major infectious agents?
Published	05/10/2024	What are eukaryotic pathogens? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What are prokaryotes divided into? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Where are archaea found in the oral cavity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are bacteria divided into?1) which has a thin cell wall?2) where in the bacterial structure will you find a thin cell wall?
Published	05/10/2024	Where will you find LPS?- where will you find peptidoglycan?
Published	05/10/2024	How are viruses divided?- which is more infectious?
Published	05/10/2024	How are gram + categorized?
Published	05/10/2024	How are gram + rods categorized? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	How are gram + cocci categorized? (2)- what are example organisms of each?
Published	05/10/2024	How are gram - categorized? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How are gram - free-living rods categorized? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What is bacterial genetic material contained in? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Why is there little lag in protein production?- what does this help?
Published	05/10/2024	Bacteria have __ ribosomes & eukaryotes have ___ ribosomes- what can bacterial ribosomes be used for?
Published	05/10/2024	What surface molecules are anchored in the cell membrane/wall? (4)- what is the function of each?
Published	05/10/2024	Can carbs & proteins get through bacterial pores?- how does a bacteria overcome this?
Published	05/10/2024	What must bacteria steal from the host?
Published	05/10/2024	What do bacteria secrete that is a virulence factor?
Published	05/10/2024	Define biofilms
Published	05/10/2024	Cell wall is a mesh of ___ chains cross-linked by ___
Published	05/10/2024	What are the polysaccharide chains? (2)- these are glucose-____
Published	05/10/2024	Where does cell wall synthesis start?1) how is the NAG-NAM-peptide attached to growing peptidoglycan chain?2) when will the chain fall off the ^enzyme…
Published	05/10/2024	What will 'spot-weld' girders into place?(I.e cross-link peptides of the new peptidoglycan to existing chain)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of autolysins (hydrolases)?
Published	05/10/2024	Does gram + or - hold its alcohol?- why?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the steps of the gram stain? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What occurs if large amounts of LPS is present in blood system? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What does an activated MO secrete?- what is the purpose of each of those^ secretions?
Published	05/10/2024	What if too many capillaries are opened at one time? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is thought to be a major part of plaque-related, oral soft-tissue pathologies (I.e gingivitis, periodontal disease, and endodontic infections)?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 major functions of large glucose polysaccharides?
Published	05/10/2024	How is glucose stored in plants & animals?
Published	05/10/2024	What glucose polysaccharide is used as a structural component in plants & animals/insects?
Published	05/10/2024	How does bacteria store glucose inside the cell vs outside the cell?
Published	05/10/2024	What will break down starch?- where is this enzyme found?
Published	05/10/2024	What will break down peptidoglycan?- where is this enzyme found? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What glucose polymer is found in chitin?
Published	05/10/2024	Where else can you find glucose polysaccharides that is of interest for dentists?
Published	05/10/2024	Define antibiotic
Published	05/10/2024	When was penicillin discovered?- by who
Published	05/10/2024	Overall, what does penicillin block?
Published	05/10/2024	What is needed for penicillin to work effectively? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Why do hydrolases cut the cell wall?
Published	05/10/2024	What antibiotics block the 'spot-welding' (transpeptidases)? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the mechanism for penicillin blocking transpeptidase? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is still active that will lead to osmotic lysis when transpeptidase is inhibited?
Published	05/10/2024	What gives the cell wall great structural strength?
Published	05/10/2024	What would happen if penicillin were added to cells growing in an isotonic saline solution?
Published	05/10/2024	Bactericidal antibiotic definition- example
Published	05/10/2024	Bacteriostatic antibiotic definition (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Are most amino acids D or L?1) do the small peptide chains contain D or L amino acids?2) why might this be an advantage?
Published	05/10/2024	What are resistance mechanisms of penicillin? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Define hypersensitivities
Published	05/10/2024	Why does penicillin cause hypersensitivity? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe penicillin-induced anemia
Published	05/10/2024	What are major targets for antibiotics? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	3 most common forms of bacterial resistance
Published	05/10/2024	What do bacteria need to be capable of respiration?- what does this^ do?
Published	05/10/2024	Define each of the following:1) obligate aerobes2) facultative3) aerolerant anaerobes4) microaerophilic aerobess5) anaerobes
Published	05/10/2024	Define fermentation
Published	05/10/2024	What conditions does periodontal practices aim at reducing & where & why?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the function of the following:1) superoxide dismutase (SOD)2) catalase (CAT)
Published	05/10/2024	Is SOD, CAT, FERM, RESP present in the following:1) obligate aerobes2) microaerophillic3) facultative4) strict anaerobes
Published	05/10/2024	What bacteria are found in supra-gingival plaque? sub-gingival?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is respiration 15x more efficient than fermentation?
Published	05/10/2024	How do bacteria replicate?- how is this different from eukaryotes?
Published	05/10/2024	Are bacterial cells haploid or diploid?
Published	05/10/2024	Define plasmids (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What are examples of genes that can be carried on plasmids? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	How can genes be exchanged between bacteria? (3)- describe each of them
Published	05/10/2024	Why are bacteria cells able to divide & respond to environmental changes rapidly? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe tetracycline mechanism- how can this cause problems in our cells?
Published	05/10/2024	Why is drug resistance in bacterial infections always a risk?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 4 bacterial DNA mutations?- describe each of them- which is most fatal to the protein
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