Notes in C. HOST DAMAGE BY MICROBES

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Published	12/09/2024	Infectious agents establish infection and damage tissues by a few mechanisms: Can contact or enter host cells and cause cell death {{c1::directly::dir…
Published	12/09/2024	{{c1::Tropism}} : Predilection for viruses to infect certain cells and not others
Published	12/09/2024	Major determinant of Tropism - {{c1::presence of viral receptors on host cells}}
Published	12/09/2024	HIV glycoprotein {{c2::gp120}} binds to: {{c1::CD4 on T cells}} {{c1::Chemokine receptors CXCR4 (mainly on T cells)}} {{c1::CCR5 (mainly on macrophage…
Published	12/09/2024	Enteroviruses replicate in the {{c1::intestine}}
Published	12/09/2024	Rhinoviruses infect host cells within the {{c1::upper respiratory tract}}
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cells{{c1::Direct cytopathic effects}}{{c1::Antiviral Immune Response}}{{c1::Transformation of infe…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsDirect cytopathic effects{{c1::Poliovirus}} inactivates {{c2::cap-binding protein}}, which is …
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsDirect cytopathic effectsViruses can induce cell death by: {{c1::Activating so-called death re…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsDirect cytopathic effects▪Large amounts of viral proteins are synthesized in infected cells, i…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsDirect cytopathic effectsSome viruses encode proteins that are {{c1::pro-apoptotic}}, such as …
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsAntiviral Immune ResponseHost lymphocytes can recognize and destroy virus-infected cells {{c1:…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms that viruses use to damage or kill host cellsTransformation of infected cells{{c1::Oncogenic viruses}} can stimulate cell growth and surviv…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial Injury{{c1::Bacterial virulence}}{{c1::Bacterial adherence to host cells}}{{c1::Intracellular bacteria}}{{c1::Bacterial toxins…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial Virulence{{c1::Plasmids and bacteriophages}}Mobile genetic elements Can transmit functionally important g…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial Virulence{{c1::Quorum sensing}} →Process used by many bacteria to regulate gene expression within a large popu…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial VirulenceCommunities of bacteria form {{c1::biofilms}}Organisms live within a viscous layer of extracellular p…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial adherence to host cells{{c1::Adhesins}} are bacterial surface proteins that bind the organisms to host cells o…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial adherence to host cells{{c1::Streptococcus pyogenes }} : Adheres to host tissues using the adhesins {{c2:…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial adherence to host cells{{c1::Pili}} are filamentous structures on the surface of bacteria that act as adhesins
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial adherence to host cells{{c1::Stalks of pili}} - composed of conserved repeating protein subunits
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial adherence to host cells{{c1::Variable tip fibrillum}} - determines the tissue-binding specificity of the bacte…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryIntracellular bacteria{{c1::M. tuberculosis}} uses host receptors for opsonins (antibodies and C3b) as well as poorly de…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryIntracellular bacteria{{c1::Type Ill secretion system}} : Consists of needle like structures projecting from the ba…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryIntracellular bacteria{{c1::Shigella spp.}} and {{c1::E. coli}} →Inhibit host protein synthesis, replicate rapidly, and …
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryIntracellular bacteria{{c1::M. tuberculosis}} → Blocks fusion of the lysosome with the phagosome, allowing it to prolife…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryIntracellular bacteria{{c1::L. monocytogenes}} → Produces a pore-forming protein called {{c2::listeriolysin O}} and two …
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial toxins{{c1::Endotoxin}}: a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria that both …
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial toxins{{c1::Lipid A}} - the part of LPS that anchors the molecule in the host cell membrane, has the endotoxin…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial toxins{{c1::Exotoxins}}: secreted bacterial proteins that cause cellular injury and disease
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial toxinsToxins that alter intracellular signaling or regulatory pathways {{c1::Active (A)}} subunit with en…
Published	12/09/2024	Mechanisms of Bacterial InjuryBacterial toxins{{c1::Superantigens }}Bacterial toxins that stimulate several T lymphocytes by binding to conserved…
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