Notes in MtM IX (Meiosis)

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Published	11/11/2024	{{c3::Meiosis}} is a {{c1::two}}-step {{c1::cell division}} process which produces {{c1::four}} {{c2::haploid}}, genetically {{c2::unique}} cells from…
Published	11/11/2024	In meiosis genetic variation is achieved by {{c1::independent assortment of maternal and paternal homologous chromosomes}} and {{c1::ressortment of ge…
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Published	11/11/2024	Before Meiosis starts the cell has already {{c1::duplicated}} its genetic material. At this point there are {{c1::46}} chromosomes present ({{c1::92}}…
Published	11/11/2024	In {{c3::Metaphase I}}, {{c1::bivalents}} of homologous chromosomes {{c2::line up at the equator}} and each {{c2::chromosome}} in the {{c1::bivalent}}…
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Published	11/11/2024	In {{c1::Anaphase I}}, {{c2::chromosomes}} are pulled apart from the {{c3::bivalent}} towards {{c2::opposite poles}} of the cells, via the {{c3::short…
Published	11/11/2024	In {{c2::telophase I}}, the chromosomes arrive at {{c1::opposite poles of the cell}}.
Published	11/11/2024	In biological females, during embryonic development,  immature female cells known as {{c1::oogoniums}} give rise to {{c2::primary oocytes}}, whic…
Published	11/11/2024	If there is no {{c1::fetilisation}}, the secondary oocyte does not perform {{c2::meiosis II }}.
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Published	11/11/2024	In biological males, in reproductive development, {{c1::Spermatozoa}}/{{c1::Sperm cells}} originate from {{c2::spermatogonia}}.
Published	11/11/2024	In {{c1::spermatognenesis}}, {{c2::primary spermatocytes}} spend weeks undertaking meiosis I, forming {{c3::2}} {{c2::secondary spermatocytes}}, which…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Cell differentiation}} is the process through which a cell becomes {{c1::a more specific type of cell}} by changing {{c1::its gene expressi…
Published	11/11/2024	All types of cells originate from {{c1::pluripotent stem cells}} in embryos, which have the capacity to {{c2::differentiate to form any kind of cell}}…
Published	11/11/2024	Stem cells present in the human body are {{c1::multipotent}} meaning they can {{c2::form a range of different cell types within a certain tissue}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Hematopeitic stem cells are {{c1::multipotent}} stem cells that diffrentiate to form the different cells present in the {{c1::blood}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Hematopeitic stem cells first divide into 2 {{c2::progenitor cell intermediates}}, {{c1::myeloid}} and {{c1::lymphoid}} {{c2::progenitor}} cells.
Published	11/11/2024	The hormone responsible for stimulating red blood cell production in the bone marrow is called {{c1::erythropoietin (EPO)}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Erythropoietin is mainly produced in the {{c1::kidneys}} in response to {{c2::low oxygen levels}}.
Published	11/11/2024	The process by which the kidneys {{c2::detect low oxygen levels and release erythropoietin}} is called {{c1::hypoxia sensing}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Hypoxia}} stimulates {{c1::hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs)}} to increase the transcription of {{c3::erythropoietin}} genes.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Erythropoietin}} binds to receptors on {{c1::erythroid progenitor cells}} in the bone marrow, stimulating {{c3::red blood cell}} production.
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