Notes in Hookworms and S. stercoralis

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Published	03/07/2025	What are the major superfamilies included in the nematode order Strongylidea? (4)
Published	03/07/2025	Common Features of StrongylideaPresence of {{c1::ovijector}} with well-developed sphincters in the {{c4::female::sex?}}. {{c2::Caudal bursa}} and a pa…
Published	03/07/2025	What is the superfamily that includes hookworms? {{c1::Ancylostomatoidea}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is a key distinguishing feature of the Ancylostomatoidea family?Well-developed {{c1::subglobular buccal capsule}} bearing cutting plates or teeth…
Published	03/07/2025	What are the two most common hookworms that infect humans?{{c1::Ancylostoma duodenale}}{{c1::Necator americanus}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the defining feature of the buccal capsule in the Ancylostoma family?Armed with ventral cutting {{c1::teeth::teeth/plates}}.
Published	03/07/2025	How does the life cycle of the Ancylostoma family differ from Necator?Some species are adapted to transmission through {{c1::paratenic hosts}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the defining feature of the buccal capsule in the Necator family?Bears ventral cutting {{c1::plates::teeth/plates}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What is essential in the life cycle of the Necator family?{{c1::Percutaneous}} entry with a phase of larval development in the {{c2::lungs}}.
Published	03/07/2025	How do you differentiate between Ancylostoma and Necator based on their buccal capsule?Ancylostoma: {{c1::Ventral cutting teeth}}. Necator: {{c1::Vent…
Published	03/07/2025	Hookworm ClassificationPhylum: {{c1::Nemathelminthes}} Class: {{c2::Nematoda}} Subclass: {{c3::Secernentea}} Order: {{c4::Strongylida}} Superfamily: {…
Published	03/07/2025	What are the two main hookworm species and the diseases they cause?{{c1::Ancylostoma duodenale}}: Ancylostomiasis {{c1::Necator americanus}}: Necatori…
Published	03/07/2025	What are the typical characteristics of a hookworm egg?Size (Length): Necator {{c1::60-70 µm}}, Ancylostoma {{c1::55-60 µm}} Size (Width): {{c2::35-40…
Published	03/07/2025	How many stages of embryonic development does Ancylostoma usually have?{{c1::Usually four stages, but it can exceed this.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the key characteristics of the hookworm rhabditiform larva?Newly Hatched Size: {{c1::270 by 15 µm}} 5-Day Old Size: {{c2::540-700 µm long}} O…
Published	03/07/2025	What are the three life stages of hookworms?{{c1::Egg}} {{c1::Larva}} {{c1::Adult}}
Published	03/07/2025	How does the infective stage of hookworm enter the human body?{{c1::Filariform larva penetrates the skin.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the path of the hookworm larva after entering the human body.Circulation → {{c1::Lungs}} → {{c2::Trachea & Pharynx}} → {{c3::Swallowed}} …
Published	03/07/2025	Where do adult hookworms reside and what do they do?{{c1::Small intestines}}; they mate and produce eggs.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the diagnostic stage of hookworm infection?{{c1::Eggs in feces.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What happens to hookworm eggs in the external environment?They embryonate in the {{c1::soil}} and hatch into {{c1::rhabditiform larvae}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the feeding stage of the hookworm larva called?{{c1::Rhabditiform larva.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the infective, non-feeding stage of the hookworm larva called?{{c1::Filariform larva.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the key morphological features of the hookworm rhabditiform larva?{{c1::Long buccal capsule, lack of prominent genital primordium.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the key morphological features of the hookworm filariform larva?{{c1::Short esophagus, pointed tail.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the size range of the adult male Necator americanus?{{c1::9-12 mm}} long by {{c2::0.25-0.5 mm}} wide.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the common name for Ancylostoma duodenale?{{c1::The "Old World" hookworm.}}
Published	03/07/2025	In what direction is the anterior end of Ancylostoma duodenale directed?{{c1::Dorsoanteriad}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the color and covering of Ancylostoma duodenale worms?{{c1::Pinkish or creamy gray}}, covered with a {{c2::tough cuticle}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Where are the lateral cervical papillae located on Ancylostoma duodenale?Just behind the {{c1::circumesophageal nerve ring}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the size range of male Ancylostoma duodenale worms?{{c1::8 to 11 mm}} in length, {{c1::0.4 to 0.5 mm}} in diameter.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the size range of female Ancylostoma duodenale worms?{{c1::10 to 13 mm}} in length, {{c2::0.6 mm}} in diameter.
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the posterior end of male Ancylostoma duodenale worms.Extended into a {{c1::campanulate bursa}} supported by fleshy rays with a species-speci…
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the posterior end of female Ancylostoma duodenale worms.{{c1::Conoidal}}, with a s{{c2::ubterminal, ventrally disposed anal opening}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Where is the vulva located on female Ancylostoma duodenale worms?{{c1::Midventrally}} at the beginning of the {{c2::distal}} third of the body.
Published	03/07/2025	How does insemination occur in Ancylostoma duodenale?Male uses its {{c1::bursa}} to clasp the female at the vulva, inserts {{c1::spicules}}, and secre…
Published	03/07/2025	How are Ancylostoma duodenale eggs formed?From a multinucleated mass in {{c1::ovarian tubules}}, fertilized in {{c1::seminal receptacles}}, with {{c1:…
Published	03/07/2025	How are Ancylostoma duodenale eggs released from the female?Through {{c1::ovejectors}}, {{c1::vagina}}, and into the host's {{c1::intestinal lumen}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the daily egg output of Ancylostoma duodenale?{{c1::25,000 to 30,000}} eggs.
Published	03/07/2025	How many pairs of teeth are present in the buccal capsule of Ancylostoma duodenale?{{c1::Two pairs}}.
Published	03/07/2025	How many rays are present in the copulatory bursa of male Ancylostoma duodenale?{{c1::Seven rays.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How long does it take for Ancylostoma duodenale eggs to hatch in the environment?{{c1::1 to 2 days.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What does the first-stage larva of Ancylostoma duodenale feed on?{{c1::Bacteria}} and {{c1::organic debris}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the anatomy of the first-stage larva of Ancylostoma duodenale.Long narrow buccal chamber, {{c1::flask}}-shaped muscular esophagus, short rect…
Published	03/07/2025	How does the second-stage larva of Ancylostoma duodenale differ from the first-stage larva?Maximum length {{c1::0.5 to 0.6}} mm, increase in diameter.…
Published	03/07/2025	What is the third-stage larva of Ancylostoma duodenale called, and what is its significance?{{c1::Filariform larva}}; it is the {{c1::infective}} stag…
Published	03/07/2025	How long can the filariform larva of Ancylostoma duodenale remain viable in the soil?{{c1::Several weeks}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where does the Ancylostoma duodenale larva migrate after entering the bloodstream?{{c1::Lungs}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where do hookworm larvae break out of capillaries in the lungs?{{c1::Air sacs}}.
Published	03/07/2025	How do hookworm larvae reach the small intestine?{{c1::They are passed over to the digestive tract and down.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What happens to the hookworm larva after shedding the filariform cuticula (third molt)?They develop a {{c1::temporary buccal capsule}} and attach them…
Published	03/07/2025	What is the prepatent period for hookworm infection?About {{c1::5}} weeks.
Published	03/07/2025	{{c1::Ground Itch}}: A severe itching sensation caused by great and repeated penetration of hookworm larvae.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the most common causative agent of Creeping Eruption (Cutaneous Larva Migrans)?{{c1::Ancylostoma braziliense.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Which hookworm species can cause a transient eruption? {{c1::Necator americanus.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How long does it take for serpiginous tunnels to form in the epidermis after hookworm larva penetration? {{c1::2-3 days.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where in the epidermis do serpiginous tunnels form?Between the {{c1::stratum germinativum}} and the {{c1::corneum}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Extension of the lesion several mm per day is caused by the {{c1::movement of larva through the skin}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What are the treatments for creeping eruptions?{{c1::Thiabendazole}}, freezing the skin with {{c1::ethyl chloride}} or {{c1::solid carbon dioxide}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What are the symptoms associated with larval migration into the lungs?{{c1::Cough}}, {{c1::dyspnea}}, {{c1::nausea}} and {{c1::vomiting}}, {{c1::pneum…
Published	03/07/2025	Syndrome caused by migrating hookworm larvae. {{c1::Wakana Disease}}
Published	03/07/2025	Hookworm vs. Ascaris SensitizationHow does the sensitization caused by hookworm larvae in the lungs compare to that of Ascaris?{{c1::Not as severe}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the characteristic color of stool in acute heavy hookworm infection?Varies from {{c1::black to red}}
Published	03/07/2025	How do hookworms attach themselves in the small intestine?{{c1::First by a temporary head capsule, later by a permanent one.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What does "hookworm disease" specifically refer to?{{c1::Microcytic, hypochromic anemia caused by intestinal hookworm infection.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the antiparasitic drugs of choice for treating hookworm infection?{{c1::Mebendazole}}{{c1::Pyrantel Pamoate}}
Published	03/07/2025	What treatments are recommended for asymptomatic hookworm patients?{{c1::Iron replacement }}{{c2::dietary therapy (proteins, iron, vitamins).}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the most extensive stage of chronic hookworm infection?{{c1::Loss of blood in the form of profound iron-deficiency anemia.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the common names for Necator americanus?{{c1::"American hookworm"}}{{c1::"American murderer"}}{{c1::"New World Hookworm".}}
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the anterior extremity of Necator americanus adult worms.{{c1::Appreciably attenuated.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What does the buccal capsule of Necator americanus contain?{{c1::A ventral and dorsal pair of semilunar cutting plates (no teeth).}}
Published	03/07/2025	What structures are found in the depth of the buccal cavity of Necator americanus?{{c1::A pair of triangular subventral lancets and a subdorsal lancet…
Published	03/07/2025	How are Necator americanus worms flexed at the anterior end?{{c1::Strongly flexed dorsal wards.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the color of living Necator americanus worms?{{c1::Grayish yellow}}, sometimes with a {{c2::reddish}} undertone.
Published	03/07/2025	What are the primary hosts of Ancylostoma braziliense?{{c1::Cats}} and {{c1::dogs}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Where is Ancylostoma braziliense found geographically?{{c1::Tropics and subtropics.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the approximate size of male Ancylostoma braziliense?{{c1::8 mm}} in length x {{c1::0.27 mm}} in diameter.
Published	03/07/2025	What is the approximate size of female Ancylostoma braziliense?{{c1::10 mm}} in length x {{c2::0.3 mm}} in diameter.
Published	03/07/2025	What is a distinctive feature of female Ancylostoma braziliense in fixed specimens?{{c1::An angular bend at the level of the vulva.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is a diagnostic feature of the Ancylostoma braziliense buccal capsule?{{c1::A pair of small, inconspicuous median teeth and a pair of larger oute…
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the bursa of male Ancylostoma braziliense.{{c1::Small, almost as broad as long, supported by relatively short lateral rays.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How do Ancylostoma braziliense eggs compare to Ancylostoma duodenale eggs? {{c1::They are not really distinguishable.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the primary hosts of Ancylostoma caninum?{{c1::Dogs, particularly in the northern hemisphere.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the effects of Ancylostoma caninum larvae in humans?{{c1::Creeping eruption and recent findings show it can be found in human muscles.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the average length of male Ancylostoma caninum?{{c1::10 mm.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the greatest diameter of male Ancylostoma caninum?{{c1::0.4 mm.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the length of female Ancylostoma caninum?{{c1::14 mm.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the greatest diameter of female Ancylostoma caninum?{{c1::0.6 mm.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is a diagnostic feature of the Ancylostoma caninum buccal capsule?{{c1::Wide buccal capsule bearing 3 pairs of ventral teeth.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How are the rays of the Ancylostoma caninum bursa described?{{c1::Long, moderately slender rays.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How do Ancylostoma caninum eggs compare to Ancylostoma duodenale eggs?{{c1::Similar, but slightly larger.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the common name for Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Threadworm}}
Published	03/07/2025	A generation of free-living growth and transformation into the parasitic phase under certain environmental conditions (moist tropics). {{c1::Indirect …
Published	03/07/2025	Primarily responsible for human infection, requires parasitic phase for continuation. {{c1::Direct Development::Direct Development or Indirect De…
Published	03/07/2025	In which climate is direct development the usual or predominant type for Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Temperate climates.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the classification of Strongyloides stercoralis?Order: {{c1::Rhabditida}}Superfamily: {{c2::Rhabdiasoidea}}Genus: {{c3::Strongyloides}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is a feature of the Rhabdiasoidea superfamily?{{c1::H-shaped excretory system.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Strongyloides stercoralis Parasitic {{c1::Female::Male or Female}}:Parthenogenetic, cylindrical, long esophagus, no oral stylet.
Published	03/07/2025	What do Strongyloides stercoralis eggs contain?{{c1::Undeveloped larva, embryonic cleavage (2, 4, 8 cell stage).}}
Published	03/07/2025	Describe the shell of Strongyloides stercoralis eggs.{{c1::Thin, hyaline, almost indistinguishable from hookworm eggs.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the features of the adult female Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Colorless, transparent body, short buccal cavity, long and slender esophagus…
Published	03/07/2025	What are the features of Strongyloides stercoralis larvae?{{c1::Short buccal cavity, prominent genital primordium.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the features of the adult female Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Colorless, transparent body, finely striated cuticle, short buccal cavity, l…
Published	03/07/2025	How does Strongyloides stercoralis infection begin?{{c1::Infective filariform larvae in the soil penetrate the intact skin.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where do Strongyloides stercoralis filariform larvae migrate after skin penetration?{{c1::Circulatory system, lungs, alveolar spaces, trachea.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where do adult female Strongyloides stercoralis worms reside in the human host?{{c1::Small intestine}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where do Strongyloides stercoralis eggs hatch?{{c1::Intestinal mucosa.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What stage of larvae is passed in the feces of infected persons?{{c1::Rhabditiform larvae.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Under what conditions does free-living development take place?{{c1::Excess of fresh water in feces or soil.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What conditions favor the basic life cycle of Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Warm climates, moisture, abundant fecal material in soil.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How do larvae reach the intestine from the lungs?{{c1::Break out of pulmonary capillaries, migrate via respiratory tree to pharynx, then to intestine.…
Published	03/07/2025	How long does it take for larvae to become mature females in the intestine?{{c1::About 2 weeks.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Where is the usual location for development and egg-laying?{{c1::Duodenum}} and {{c2::upper jejunum}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Where else can Strongyloides stercoralis rarely invade?Mucosa of {{c1::pylorus}}, {{c1::stomach}}, and {{c1::respiratory}} epithelium (in immunosuppre…
Published	03/07/2025	How does autoinfection occur in the intestine?{{c1::Rhabditoid larvae molt to second rhabditoid stage, metamorphose into filariform larvae en transit …
Published	03/07/2025	What is the migration route for autoinfection larvae?{{c1::Invade mucosa of ileum and colon, travel via portal veins to lungs, return to intestine.}}
Published	03/07/2025	How does perianal autoinfection occur?{{c1::Filariform larvae in stools contact perianal skin, cause reinfection, and "creeping eruption".}}
Published	03/07/2025	Which animals can be naturally infected with Strongyloides stercoralis?{{c1::Dogs}} and {{c1::cats}}.
Published	03/07/2025	What are the symptoms of cutaneous infection?{{c1::Pruritus::P}}, {{c2::erythema::E}}, {{c3::allergic reaction::AR}}, {{c4::creeping eruption::CE}}.
Published	03/07/2025	Rapidly migrating larvae in the skin. {{c1::Larva Currens}}
Published	03/07/2025	What damage do Strongyloides larvae cause in the lungs? {{c1::Small hemorrhages}}, {{c1::cellular infiltration.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Strongyloidiasis: What can a severe reaction in the lungs manifest as? {{c1::Pneumonia.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What damage can heavy intestinal infections cause? (Strongyloidiasis){{c1::Honeycombed}} mucosa, {{c2::sloughing}} of patches.
Published	03/07/2025	How much gross damage is usually evident in the bowel?{{c1::Remarkably little, even in heavy infections.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What do the symptoms of intestinal infection resemble?\{{c1::Peptic ulcer.}}
Published	03/07/2025	Under what circumstances does hyperinfection occur? {{c1::Impaired cellular immunity.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What type of immunity impairment can also lead to hyperinfection?{{c1::Impairment of humoral immunity.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What happens to tissue reactivity during hyperinfection?{{c1::Impaired tissue reactivity, diminished granuloma formation.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What mechanical damage is caused by hyperinfection?{{c1::Ulceration and necrosis of intestines, paralytic ileus, perforation.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What does respiratory distress mimic during hyperinfection? (Strongyloidiasis){{c1::Pulmonary edema.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are common chest x-ray findings during hyperinfection?{{c1::Nodular infiltration, often little evidence of infiltration.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What does involvement of the central nervous system in Strongyloides hyperinfection lead to?{{c1::Lethargy, coma, death.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What CNS complications are associated with disseminated strongyloidiasis?{{c1::Meningitis, brain infarction, brain abscess.}}
Published	03/07/2025	What are the likely causes of death in untreated hyperinfection?{{c1::Peritonitis}}{{c1::brain damage}}{{c1::respiratory failure}}{{c1::septicemia}}
Published	03/07/2025	What is the drug of choice for treating strongyloidiasis?{{c1::Ivermectin}} or {{c1::Albendazole}}
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