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Published	12/28/2023	Condyloma are typically due to which strains of HPV?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key low-risk and high-risk strains of HPV?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the histologic hallmark of HPV-induced condyloma?
Published	12/28/2023	Lichen sclerosis is characterized by what changes to the vaginal skin?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom does lichen sclerosis mostly present? What can it increase the risk for?
Published	12/28/2023	Compare and contrast lichen sclerosis with lichen simplex chronicus (across 4 criteria):
Published	12/28/2023	What three conditions can present with leukoplakia of the vulvar skin?
Published	12/28/2023	Vulvar carcinoma can have what two etiologies?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the risk factors for HPV exposure?
Published	12/28/2023	HPV-related vulvar carcinoma usually arises in women of what age?
Published	12/28/2023	What is extramammary Paget disease and how does it present?
Published	12/28/2023	How are extrammary Paget disease and Paget disease of the nipple different?
Published	12/28/2023	How can extramammary Paget disease be distinguished from melanoma of the vulva?
Published	12/28/2023	What embryological structures is the vaginal canal derived from, and what types of epithelium correspond to each? How do these epithelial types change…
Published	12/28/2023	What is adenosis and what exposure is it associated with? What malignancy does it predispose towards?
Published	12/28/2023	What is clear cell carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is what type of tumor (what is the malignant cell)?
Published	12/28/2023	Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma presents where, anatomically? What is another name for it?
Published	12/28/2023	What kind of cell is histologically characterized by cytoplasmic cross-striations and positive immunohistochemical stains for desmin and myogenin?&nbs…
Published	12/28/2023	What are VIN and VAIN? What are their significance?
Published	12/28/2023	What lymph nodes does vaginal cancer typically spread to?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the cervix, and what are the relevant histological characteristics?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the result of most instances of HPV infection?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the consequence of a persistent HPV infection?
Published	12/28/2023	High risk HPV strains produce which two proteins which perfrom what respective functions?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the stages of CIN severity?
Published	12/28/2023	Can CIN regress?
Published	12/28/2023	How does cervical carcinoma typically present?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 important secondary risk factors (HPV being the primary) for cervical carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a common cause of death in patients with cervical carcinoma, and how does it occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What percentage of cervical carcinoma cases are squamous cell carcinoma? What about adenocarcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	How long does the progession from CIN to carcinoma typically take?
Published	12/28/2023	When and how often are pap smears performed?
Published	12/28/2023	What is depicted in the pathology specimen shown below?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the protocol following an abnormal pap smear?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two key limitations of the pap smear?
Published	12/28/2023	The quadrivalent HPV vaccine covers which strains of HPV?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 stages of endometrial growth/shedding? How do hormones influence each?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Asherman syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an anovulatory cycle?
Published	12/28/2023	What predisposes towards acute endometritis? How does it present?
Published	12/28/2023	Chronic endometritis is characterized by proliferation of what cell types into the endometrium?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 causes of chronic endometritis?
Published	12/28/2023	What undesirable outcome can chronic endometritis result in?
Published	12/28/2023	What is an endometrial polyp? How does it present? What drug commonly can cause it?
Published	12/28/2023	What is endometriosis and what likely causes it?
Published	12/28/2023	How does endometriosis present?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the most common sites of endometriosis and how does each site present (5)?
Published	12/28/2023	How do endometriosis implants typically appear, grossly?
Published	12/28/2023	Endometrial involvement of the uterine myometrium is called what?
Published	12/28/2023	There is an increased risk of ______ at the site of endometriosis, especially in the _______.
Published	12/28/2023	What is directly responsible for endometrial hyperplasia, and what are some causes of that direct cause?
Published	12/28/2023	How is endometrial hyperplasia characterized?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most important predictor for whether endometrial hyperplasia will progress to carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common invasive carcinoma of the female genital tract?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two pathways of endometrial carcinoma development? What percentage of cases is attributable to each?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the risk factors for endometrial carcinoma arising from hyperplasia (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	Compare and contrast the hyperplasia and sporadic pathways of endometrial carcinoma development in terms of - Age of onset:Histology:Genetic…
Published	12/28/2023	Which is more aggressive, endometrial carcinoma arising sporadically or from endometrial hyperplasia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a leiomyoma? How common is it?
Published	12/28/2023	What are three properties regarding the presentation and natural history of leiomyomas?
Published	12/28/2023	Do leiomyosarcomas arise from leiomyomas?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom are leiomyosarcomas typically seen?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 histological features will one see in a leiomyosarcoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the functional unit of the ovary?
Published	12/28/2023	What role do LH, FSH, and estradiol play in ovulation?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the architecture of a follicle?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the corpus luteum?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology involving the corpus luteum is possible during early pregnancy?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the clinical significance of follicular cysts in the ovary?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the pathophysiology behind the development of polycystic ovarian disease (PCOD):
Published	12/28/2023	What LH:FSH ratio characterizes PCOD?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic presentation of PCOD (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a long-term complication of PCOD?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 cell types contained within the ovary?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common type of ovarian tumor (70% of cases)?
Published	12/28/2023	Coelemic epithelium produces the epithelial lining of which 3 female reproductive structures?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two types of surface epithelial tumor of the ovary, and what substances do they produce?
Published	12/28/2023	Are mucinous tumors benign or malignant? Serous tumors?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross appearance of a benign cystadenoma. In whom is this tumor most commonly found?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the gross appearance of a malignant cystadenoma. In whom are these tumors more common?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the prognosis for a borderline cystadenoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 less common types of surface epithelial ovarian tumor? What tissues do they possess and what is their malignant potential?
Published	12/28/2023	15% of endometrioid carcinomas of the ovary are associated with an ________.
Published	12/28/2023	What are the general presenting symptoms of surface epithelial tumors of the ovary?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the prognosis for ovarian surface epithelial tumors, as a general class of tumors?
Published	12/28/2023	What tumor marker is useful for monitoring treatment response and to screen for recurrence of epithelial surface tumors of the ovary?
Published	12/28/2023	In whom do germ cell tumors of the ovary typically arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 subtypes of germ cell tissue and what tumors does each give rise to?
Published	12/28/2023	Cystic teratoma, the most common germ cell tumor (10% of cases), typically contains what?
Published	12/28/2023	Though cystic teratoma are typically benign, the presence of what indicates malignant potential (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a struma ovarii?
Published	12/28/2023	Dysgerminoma, the most common malignant germ cell tumor, has what kind of histology?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the testicular counterpoint of a dysgerminoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the prognosis of a dysgerminoma? What is the treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	What marker might be elevated in cases of dysgerminoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Endodermal sinus tumors - the most common germ cell tumor in children - presents with what elevated biomarker? What is the classic finding on histolog…
Published	12/28/2023	Choriocarcinoma is comprised of what kinds of cells? How is it distinguishable from placental tissue?
Published	12/28/2023	What biomarker is commonly elevated in choriocarcinoma, and what pathology does this biomarker actually induce?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the clinical significance of choriocarcinoma that arises as an ovarian germ cell tumor as opposed to other source tissues?
Published	12/28/2023	2 features of embryonal carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 sex cord-stromal tumors (in females)?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 signs can a granulosa-theca tumor present with? What underpins all of these symptoms?
Published	12/28/2023	Are granulosa-theca cell tumors malignant?
Published	12/28/2023	Reinke crystals are a characteristic histologic feature of what type of tumor? What are the symptoms of this tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	Fibroma - a benign tumor of fibroblasts - is associated with what syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two significant ovarian/peritoneal metastases?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the major risk factor for ectopic pregnancy and what is the major presenting symptom?
Published	12/28/2023	When and how often do spontaneous abortions occur?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 4 causes of spontaneous abortion?
Published	12/28/2023	Effects of teratogens generally depends on the dose, agent, and time period of exposure. What effects are seen in exposure during the: first two weeks…
Published	12/28/2023	What is placenta previa? How does it present and how is it treated?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a placental abruption? How does it present? What is a common consequence?
Published	12/28/2023	What is placenta accreta? How does it present? How must it usually be treated?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of alcohol?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of cocaine?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of thalidomide?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of cigarette smoke?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of isoretinoin?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of tetracycline?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of warfarin?
Published	12/28/2023	Teratogenic effects of phenytoin?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 symptoms define preeclampsia, when does it arise, and in how many women?
Published	12/28/2023	What kind of symptoms will patients with preeclampsia complain of?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes preeclampsia and how does it resolve?
Published	12/28/2023	What distinguishes eclampsia from preeclampsia?
Published	12/28/2023	What is HELLP? What does the acronym stand for?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the best way to treat both eclampsia and HELLP?
Published	12/28/2023	During what age are infants susceptible to SIDS?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 risk factors for SIDS?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a hydatidiform mole? What kind of cells is it comprised of?
Published	12/28/2023	How are partial and complete hydatidiform moles genetically different?
Published	12/28/2023	Is fetal tissue present in a partial hydatidiform mole or a complete mole?
Published	12/28/2023	How are the patterns of villous edema differently characterized between a partial and complete hydatidiform mole?
Published	12/28/2023	How are the patterns of trophoblastic proliferation different in partial and complete hydatidiform moles?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the risk for progression to choriocarcinoma in a partial hydatidiform mole? A complete mole?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a hydatidiform mole present?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic appearance of a hydatidiform mole on ultrasound?
Published	12/28/2023	If a hydatidiform mole goes undected through the second trimester, how can it present?
Published	12/28/2023	How do choriocarcinomas that arise from the gestational pathway (a hydatidiform mole) differ from those that arise from the germ cell pathway?
Published	12/28/2023	What is depicted here in this histological specimen?
Published	12/28/2023	What kind of tumor did this specimen likely come from?
Published	12/28/2023	What is depicted here?
Published	12/28/2023	This histological speciment represents what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What does this vaginal histology specimen depict?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology does this specimen depict?
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