Notes in 10-11ElbowComplex

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	The elbow complex provides mobility and stability to the {{c1::hand::organ}}
Published	07/30/2024	What makes up the elbow complex?{{c1::1. Elbow joint (humeroulnar, humeroradial)2. Radioulnar joints (proximal, distal)::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	The elbow joint is a {{c1::modified hinge::type}} joint with {{c1::1::n}} degree of freedom
Published	07/30/2024	Anteriorly, the humeral trochlea is divided into two portions by the {{c1::trochlear groove}}
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Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::medial}} half of the humeral trochlea projects more distally, producing a {{c2::valgus}} angulation (carrying angle)
Published	07/30/2024	Memory aid{{c1::olecranon process::proximal end}} ← {{c2::trochlear notch}} → {{c1::coronoid process::distal end}}
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Published	07/30/2024	Humeroulnar joint: sliding occurs between the {{c1::trochlear ridge}} and {{c1::trochlear groove}}
Published	07/30/2024	Humeroradial joint: sliding occurs between the {{c1::fovea articularis capitis radii}} and {{c1::capitulum}}
Published	07/30/2024	There is NO bone-to-bone contact between the humeroradial joint during elbow {{c1::extension::flexion/extension}}
Published	07/30/2024	Elbow joint capsule encloses what joints?{{c1::humeroradial, humeroulnar, superior/proximal radioulnar joint}}
Published	07/30/2024	The elbow joint capsule is weak {{c1::aneteriorly::direction}} and {{c1::posteriorly::direction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Memory aidAttachments of the elbow joint capsule: {{c1::just a bit beyond the fossae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Distally, the elbow joint capsule blends with the {{c1::annular}} ligament
Published	07/30/2024	Posteriorly, the elbow joint capsule attaches to the humerus on the upper edge of its olcranon fossa and {{c1::medial}} epicondyle
Published	07/30/2024	What 3 bundles comprise the Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament {{c1::1. Anterior bundle2. Posterior bundle3. Transverse bundle::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	What 3 bundles comprise the Lateral (radial) collateral ligamentous complex {{c1::1. Lateral (radial) collateral ligament (LCL)2. Lateral ulnar collat…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::anterior bundle of medial collateral ligament}} is the primary stabilizer for {{c2::valgus}} stress ({{c3::20–120}}°)
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of medial (ulnar) collateral ligament: {{c1::medial epicondyle}} → {{c1::ulnar coronoid process}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which bundle of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament blends with the joint capsule?{{c1::Posterior bundle}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::posterior}} bundle of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament limits elbow {{c2::extension}}
Published	07/30/2024	Valgus laxity is present at all angles of elbow {{c1::flexion}} and is greatest during forearm {{c2::neutral rotation}}
Published	07/30/2024	Injury to {{c1::medial (ulnar) collateral}} ligament occurs mostly during {{c2::backswing}} motions of upper arm (late-cocking)
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of lateral (radial) collateral ligament: {{c1::lateral epicondyle (anterior aspect)}} → {{c1::annular ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of lateral ulnar collateral ligament: {{c1::lateral epicondyle + annular ligament}} → {{c1::lateral aspect of the ulna}}
Published	07/30/2024	The annular ligament encircles the {{c1::caput radii}} attaching to both edges of the {{c2::radial notch}}
Published	07/30/2024	All instantaneous rotation axes of the elbow flexion/extension (nearly) intersects the {{c1::medial facet of trochlea}}
Published	07/30/2024	The (fixed) axis for elbow flexion/extension passes through the center of {{c1::trochlea and capitulum}}
Published	07/30/2024	During elbow extension, the carrying angle is a {{c1::lateral::direction}} deviation of {{c1::8–15}}°
Published	07/30/2024	2 upper arm positions where the carrying angle disappears1. forearm {{c1::pronation}} during elbow {{c1::extension}}2. forearm {{c1::supination}} duri…
Published	07/30/2024	The configuration of the {{c1::humeral trochlear groove}} determines the relative position of the forearm to arm
Published	07/30/2024	AROM (135-145º) is less than PROM (150-160º) due to hindrance from {{c1::contracting muscle bulk}}
Published	07/30/2024	Active ROM of elbow flexion: up to {{c1::135°–145°}}
Published	07/30/2024	Elbow flexion ROM is greater when the forearm is {{c1::supinated}}
Published	07/30/2024	High BMI may limit ROM due to {{c1::extra soft tissue content}}
Published	07/30/2024	Valgus stability (in elbow extension) is provided by: medial (ulnar) collateral ligament, bony components, and {{c1::anterior joint capsule}…
Published	07/30/2024	Varus stability (in 90° flexion) is provided primarily by the {{c1::congruence of bony components}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which elbow flexor is active in all positions of the forearm with or without resistance{{c1::Brachialis due to its insertion at the ulna}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which elbow flexor provides more stability than mobility?{{c1::Brachioradialis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The biceps brachii is not active during unresisted elbow flexion if forearm is {{c1::pronated}}
Published	07/30/2024	The brachioradials is not active during unresisted elbow flexion if contraction is {{c1::slow}}
Published	07/30/2024	At {{c1::90° elbow flexion::position}}, the brachiodradialis may act as a forearm pronator/supinator
Published	07/30/2024	Memory aidIf a muscle crossing the elbow joint attaches to the {{c1::ulna}}, it also crosses the radioulnar joint
Published	07/30/2024	Which head of the triceps brachii is active during unresisted elbow extension{{c1::Medial head}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::triceps brachii}} act as synergistto {{c2::biceps brachii}}during {{c3::forearm supination}}to prevent elbow flexion
Published	07/30/2024	Brachialis: peak moment arm & greatest torque at {{c1::slightly more than 100}}° elbow flexion
Published	07/30/2024	Biceps Brachii: peak moment arm & greatest torque at {{c1::80–100}}° elbow flexion
Published	07/30/2024	Brachioradialis: peak moment arm & greatest torque at {{c1::100–120}}° elbow flexion
Published	07/30/2024	The proximal radioulnar joint is composed of the articulating {{c1::radial}} head, {{c1::radial}} notch, and {{c1::annular ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	The distal radioulnar joint is composed of the articulating {{c1::ulnar}} head, {{c1::ulnar}} notch (aka {{c2::sigmoid notch}…
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Published	07/30/2024	The tendon of which muscle participates in the triangular fibrocartilage complex?{{c1::Extensor carpi ulnaris}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ligaments from the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath that attach to the radius {{c1::1. Dorsal radioulnar ligament2. Ventral radioulnar ligament…
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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ulnocarpal area}} is the area between the ulna and the overlying carpal bones
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::ulnocarpal}} joint at the wrist absorbs {{c2::20}}% of the axial load, hence it is more vulnerable during trauma
Published	07/30/2024	The sigmoid notch is {{c1::larger::larger/smaller}} than the ulnar head (distal radioulnar joint)
Published	07/30/2024	Distal radioulnar joint: the {{c1::pole}} of the ulnar head articulates with the {{c2::articular disc}}
Published	07/30/2024	Distal radioulnar joint: the {{c1::seat}} of the ulnar head articulates with the {{c2::ulnar notch}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)}} is the major stabilizer of the {{c2::ulnar}} carpus and distal radioulnar jointparticularly …
Published	07/30/2024	At the PRUJ during supination/pronation, the radial head spins on the {{c1::capitulum}}
Published	07/30/2024	At the DRUJ during supination/pronation, the {{c1::ulnar notch}} slides around the {{c1::ulnar head}}
Published	07/30/2024	There is optimal contact at the DRUJ at what position?{{c1::Neutral position (midprone)}}
Published	07/30/2024	During full {{c1::supination}}, the seat of the ulnar head sits on the {{c2::palmar aspect}} of the ulnar notch
Published	07/30/2024	During full {{c1::pronation}}, the seat of the ulnar head sits on the {{c2::dorsal lip}} of the ulnar notch
Published	07/30/2024	What structures keep the radius and ulna together at the PRUJ?{{c1::annular ligament, quadrate ligament, oblique cord::3}}, and interosseous mebrane*b…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::quadrate ligament}} limits the spin of the radial head at the PRUJ
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of the quadrate ligament: {{c1::radial notch's inferior edge}} → {{c1::radial neck}}
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of the oblique cord: {{c1::radial notch}} → {{c1::radial (bicipital) tuerosity}}
Published	07/30/2024	What structures keep the radius and ulna together at the DRUJ?{{c1::dorsal radioulnar ligament, volar radioulnar ligament::2}}, and interosseous membr…
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of the voral and dorsal radioulnar ligaments:  {{c1::ulnar fovea}} → {{c1::base of ulnar styloid process}}
Published	07/30/2024	RU interosseous membrane: the {{c2::central band}} is the strong collagenous structure that runs obliquely (downward) from the {{c1::radius}} to {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Which component of the interosseous membrane remains taut throughout forearm rotation?{{c1::Central band}}
Published	07/30/2024	RU interosseous membrane: proximal and distal to the central band are adacent fibers making up the {{c1::membranous portion}}
Published	07/30/2024	RU interosseous membrane: the {{c2::dorsal oblique cord}} runs counter the central band, extending from the {{c1::proximal ulna}} to the {{c1::radial …
Published	07/30/2024	Accessory muscles to supination/pronation when {{c1::gripping}} is involved 1. {{c2::FCU & FCR: flexor carpi muscles (ulnaris, radialis)}}2. {{…
Published	07/30/2024	The longitudinal axis of forearm supination/pronation runs from the center of the {{c1::radial head}} to the center of the {{c1::ulnar head}}
Published	07/30/2024	During forearm supination/pronation, the distal ulna moves {{c1::opposite to}} the direction of the radius's motion and has {{c1::less::more/less}} ma…
Published	07/30/2024	Forearm {{c1::pronation}} is limited by: bony approximation*tension in {{c2::dorsal radioulnar}}{{c2::posterior fibers of medial collateral (elbow)}} …
Published	07/30/2024	At what position are foreram pronators most efficient?{{c1::Forearm neutral rotation, 90° elbow flexion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which head of the pronator quadratus provides dynamic stabilization by maintaining compression to the DRUJ{{c1::Deep head}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which is stronger, forearm supination or pronation?{{c1::supination (loosening the screw)}}
Published	07/30/2024	The supinator can act alone in unresisted fast supination during {{c1::elbow extension::position}}
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c1::pronation}} torques, the {{c2::extensor carpi radialis brevis}} muscle acts as stabilizer to forearm for {{c3::gripping::motion}}
Published	07/30/2024	During {{c1::supination}} torques, the {{c2::extensor carpi radialis brevis}} muscle acts as prime mover of wrist extension
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::palmar and dorsal radioulnar}} ligaments prevent dislocation at the DRUJ
Published	07/30/2024	The dorsal radioulnar ligament is taut in forearm {{c1::pronation}} and is thus limited by it
Published	07/30/2024	The voral/palmar radioulnar ligament is taut in forearm {{c1::supination}} and is thus limited by it
Published	07/30/2024	The interosseous membrane and the {{c1::TFCC}} provides longitudinal stabilization for the radioulnar joint
Published	07/30/2024	Which muscle maintains contact between radial head and capitulum at the PRUJ?{{c1::Pronator teres}}
Published	07/30/2024	What is the functional ROM of elbow flexion?{{c1::30–130°}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the functional ROM of forearm supination and pronation?{{c1::0–50}}° *bonus: normal functional arc?
Published	07/30/2024	Both the proximal and distal radioulnar joint enhances the {{c1::mobility}} of the hand
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Age 2. Pennation angles and fascicle lengths{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscle performance of the upper extremity is relatively contant from ages {{c1::20–59::range}}
Published	07/30/2024	High compression forces at the elbow due to repetitive {{c1::elbow flexion}} can cause {{c2::cubital tunnel}} syndrome— an {{c3::ulnar}} nerve neuropa…
Published	07/30/2024	Excessive tension especially during forearm {{c2::pronation}} and elbow {{c2::extension}} can cause {{c1::nursemaid/pulled}} elbow (distraction injury…
Published	07/30/2024	In nursemaid elbow, the radial head slips out of the {{c1::annular ligament}}
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c2::Valgus}} stress, there is tension in the {{c1::medial}} side of the elbow
Published	07/30/2024	In {{c2::Varus}} stress, there is tension in the {{c1::lateral}} side of the elbow
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Throwing}} injuries often involves the {{c1::medial}} side of the elbow, possibly resulting to:{{c3::Ulnar neuritis}}{{c3::Flexor-pronator muscl…
Published	07/30/2024	Flexion of the elbow complex occurs in the {{c1::saggital}} plane
Published	07/30/2024	The elbow complex is considered a modified hinge joint because it allows slight axial rotation and side-to-side motion of the {{c1::ulna::bone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Attachments of transverse bundle of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament: {{c1::olecranon}} → {{c1::ulnar coronoid process}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::oblique/transverse}} bundle of the medial (ulnar) collateral ligament keeps the joint surfaces in approximation
Published	07/30/2024	Elbow complex position with greatest valgus instability: {{c1::flexion}}
Published	07/30/2024	Elbow complex position with greatest stability: {{c1::extension}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Lateral (Radial) Collateral}} Ligament ({{c1::LCL}}) provides {{c2::varus}} stability and resistance to {{c2::longitudinal}} distraction of …
Published	07/30/2024	The most important among the lateral collateral ligaments (accdg to Doc Pua): {{c1::Lateral Ulnar Collateral Ligament (LUCL)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Long axis of the humerus and the long axis of the forearm form an acute angle {{c1::medially}} when they meet at the elbow referred to as {{c2::c…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Medial}} aspect of the trochlea extends more distally than the {{c1::lateral}} aspect
Published	07/30/2024	Which flexor is only active when motion speed is increased{{c1::Brachioradialis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Which flexors are unaffected by the position of the shoulder{{c1::Brachioradialis and brachialis}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::brachioradialis}} may act as a pronator in supination and as a supinator in pronation at {{c2::90o}} of elbow flexion
Published	07/30/2024	The biceps is less effective as an elbow flexor when the elbow is fully {{c1::extended}}
Published	07/30/2024	Less torque generated for the biceps brachii when the shoulder and elbow is {{c1::flexed}} and {{c1::supinated}}
Published	07/30/2024	The triceps is affected by changes in the position of the {{c1::elbow}}, but not affected by changes in position of the {{c1::forearm}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::long}} head of the triceps is affected by changes in shoulder position due to active insufficiency
Published	07/30/2024	Small extensor muscle that assists in elbow {{c1::extension}} and is a stabilizer during supination and pronation: {{c2::Aconeus}}
Published	07/30/2024	In 90o of elbow flexion the {{c1::anterior part of the medial collateral}} ligament provides the primary resistance to both distraction and {{c2:…
Published	07/30/2024	Brachialis origin: {{c1::anterior surface of the distal humeral shaft}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brachialis insertion: {{c1::ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process}}
Published	07/30/2024	Biceps brachii insertion: {{c1::radial tuberosity and bicipital aponeurosis (thick fascia of the forearm)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Biceps brachii long head origin: {{c1::superior glenoid tubercle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Biceps brachii short head origin: {{c1::coracoid process}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brachioradialis origin: {{c1::lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Brachioradialis insertion: {{c1::distal end of the radius proximal to radial styloid}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triceps brachii insertion: {{c1::olecranon process}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triceps brachii long head origin: {{c1::infraglenoid tubercle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triceps brachii medial head origin: {{c1::entire posterior surface of the humerus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triceps brachii lateral head origin: {{c1::small ridge on the posterior surface of the humerus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aconeus origin: {{c1::posterior surface of lateral epicondyle}}
Published	07/30/2024	Aconeus insertion: {{c1::lateral aspect of the olecranon process and posterior surface of the ulna}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pronator teres origin: {{c1::Medial epicondyle of the humerus}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pronator teres insertion: {{c1::Shaft of the proximal radius}}
Published	07/30/2024	Pronator quadratus location: {{c1::distal part of the shaft of the radius and ulna}}
Published	07/30/2024	Supinator location: {{c1::proximal part of the radius}}
Published	07/30/2024	Muscles that act on the wrist & hand are attached on the {{c1::distal humerus}}
Published	07/30/2024	What muscles provide active stability to the DRUJ?{{c1::pronator quadratus, extensor carpi ulnaris}}
Published	07/30/2024	Humerus (ANTERIORLY)Indentation above the trochleaReceieves the coronoid process in full flexion {{c1::Coronoid Fossa}}
Published	07/30/2024	Humerus (ANTERIORLY)Globular or spherical in shapeParticipates in the Humeroradial articulation {{c1::Capitulum or Capitellum}}
Published	07/30/2024	Humerus (ANTERIORLY)Indentation or shallow depression above the capitulum Receieves the periphery of the radial head during full flexion{{c1…
Published	07/30/2024	Humerus (POSTERIORLY)Receives the olecranon process in elbow extension{{c1::Olecreanon Fossa}}
Published	07/30/2024	UlnaUlnar articularting surface Deep semicircular concave surfaceArticulates with trochlea of humerus {{c1::Trochlear Notch}}
Published	07/30/2024	UlnaDistal end of notch {{c1::Ulnar Coronoid Process}}
Published	07/30/2024	UlnaProjects over the proximal end of the notch Recieved by the olecranon fossa in elbow extension{{c1::Olecranon Process}}
Published	07/30/2024	RadiusArticulates with the capitulum of distal humerus{{c1::Head of radius}}
Published	07/30/2024	Head of RadiusCentral cup-shaped concave surface at the top of the radial head{{c1::Fovea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Head of RadiusTerm given to the periphery of the radial head{{c1::Rim}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ligaments from the extensor carpi ulnaris tendon sheath attach to which carpal bones? 1. {{c1::Lunate (ulnolunate ligament)}}2. {{c1::Triqeutrum (u…
Published	07/30/2024	Forearm {{c1::supination}} is limited by: passive tension in {{c2::palmar radioulnar}} ligament and {{c2::oblique cord}}
Published	07/30/2024	The proximal and distal radioulnar joints are {{c1::pivot/trochoid::type}} joints with {{c1::1::n}} degree of freedom (each)
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