Notes in Psychopharmacology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/26/2024	Psychotropic drugs
Published	04/26/2024	The most common way to consume psychotropic drugs is simply by {{c1::eating food}}.
Published	04/26/2024	The {{c2::proteins}} in food are broken down in the body into {{c1::amino acids}}.
Published	04/26/2024	The most common and familiar way to consume to administer drugs is via {{c1::pills}}.
Published	04/26/2024	Why is administration of drugs via pills a slow and complex method?
Published	04/26/2024	Titration
Published	04/26/2024	Tolerance
Published	04/29/2024	What three factors in psychiatric patients make the practice of psychopharmacology challenging?
Published	04/29/2024	What is important before prescribing psychotropic medications?
Published	04/29/2024	What should you identify before psychotropic treatment in order to monitor the succes of it?
Published	04/29/2024	Besides {{c2::target symptoms}}, it is also important to monitor the patient's {{c1::quality of life::factor}} when using psychotropic medication…
Published	04/29/2024	Patients who are {{c1::psychotic, demented, or retarted::patientgroup (3)}} need careful supervision from family or other caregivers.
Published	04/29/2024	Readjust the dosage of medication to determine the {{c1::lowest effective dose}} for the particular stage of the patients illness.
Published	06/04/2024	Pharmacokinetics
Published	06/04/2024	Pharmacodynamics
Published	04/29/2024	Preclinical research
Published	04/29/2024	Clinical research
Published	04/29/2024	Hypothesis based research starts with {{c1::knowledge from the literature}}.
Published	04/29/2024	Therapeutic index
Published	04/29/2024	What is generally the question during phase 1 drugs research?
Published	04/29/2024	What is generally the question during phase 2 drugs research?
Published	04/29/2024	What is generally the question during phase 3 drugs research?
Published	04/29/2024	What is generally the question during phase 4 drugs research?
Published	05/08/2024	Efficacy
Published	05/08/2024	Potency
Published	05/08/2024	Agonist
Published	05/08/2024	Antagonist
Published	05/08/2024	Partial agonist
Published	05/06/2024	Affinity
Published	05/06/2024	{{c1::Affinity}} is a measure of how well a drug can bind to a particular receptor site on a cell.
Published	05/08/2024	What is the dose-response curve (DRC)?
Published	05/08/2024	What does the x-axis typically represent in a DRC?
Published	05/08/2024	What does the y-axis typically represent in a DRC?
Published	05/12/2024	What is the EC50 on a DRC?
Published	05/08/2024	What is a threshold in the context of DRC?
Published	05/08/2024	How can DRCs differ between individuals?
Published	05/10/2024	Active placebo
Published	05/10/2024	Receptor interaction
Published	05/10/2024	What are the three different names given to medications once they become available for prescription?
Published	05/10/2024	Which two classes of psychoactive substances can be discerned based on their use?
Published	05/10/2024	(Medications)Chemical name
Published	05/10/2024	(Medications)Generic name
Published	05/10/2024	(Medications)Brand name
Published	05/10/2024	With {{c1::pure antagonists::substance type}}, {{c2::affinity}} is high, while {{c2::efficacy}} is low to almost none.
Published	06/27/2024	Sympathomimetic effect
Published	05/24/2024	Stimulants have a {{c1::sympathomimetic}} effect.
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::Adenosine}} system react to {{c2::caffeine::stimulant}}.
Published	05/24/2024	{{c1::Acetylcholine}} system reacts to {{c2::nicotine::stimulant}}.
Published	05/24/2024	{{c1::Noradrenaline and dopamine}} systems reacts to {{c2::amphetamine, cocaine and methylphenidate::stimulants}}.
Published	05/24/2024	Methylxanthines
Published	06/17/2024	The effects of {{c1::caffeine::substance (not drug)}} in the nervous system are based on the substance blocking the {{c2::adenosine}}&n…
Published	05/24/2024	Diabolical drug
Published	05/24/2024	{{c1::Nicotine}} is a typical diabolical drug.
Published	05/24/2024	Nicotine stimulates the {{c1::nicotine-acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)::receptor}}.
Published	05/24/2024	When nicotine binds to its receptor, it opens {{c1::sodium ion}} channels.
Published	05/24/2024	Nicotine has an indirect effect on the availability of dopamine in the {{c1::nucleus accumbens (NAcc)::brain region}}.
Published	05/24/2024	Cognitive enhancer
Published	05/24/2024	Amphetamine is a mixture of two {{c1::mirror-image molecules}}.
Published	05/24/2024	{{c1::Dextroamphetamine}} has a calming effect on active, impulsive children.
Published	06/20/2024	In which two ways do amphetamines interact with reuptake transmitters?
Published	05/24/2024	What is the difference between methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine compared to methylphenidate in respect to their rec…
Published	06/29/2024	Cocaine works by blocking {{c1::noradrenaline transporters}}, and especially {{c2::dopamine transporters}}.
Published	05/24/2024	What is the euphoric effect of cocaine based on?
Published	05/24/2024	Cocaethanyl
Published	05/24/2024	Adenosine
Published	05/30/2024	Psychopharmacology
Published	05/28/2024	When describing medication for depression, what class of antidepressants are first choice?
Published	05/29/2024	When is it wise to stop medication when symptoms of despression are gone?
Published	05/28/2024	According to the Wet Geneeskundige Behandelovereenkomst, who decides what medication a patient will use?
Published	05/28/2024	How many patients with depression respond to their first drug type?
Published	05/30/2024	An increase in {{c1::serotonin::neurotransmitter}} is needed to treat anxiety disorders with medication.
Published	05/28/2024	{{c1::Benzodiazepines::class of medication}} have a higher risk of dependency and tolerance than {{c2::antidepressants::class of medication}}
Published	05/29/2024	Name three types of antidepressants
Published	05/29/2024	{{c2::Psychedelics::drug}} have direct effect on the {{c1::cortex::brain area}}, where cognition and perception is being processed.
Published	05/29/2024	The reward system is not directly influenced by the substance, therefore the reward of {{c1::psychedelics::drug}} depend on the context.
Published	05/29/2024	What is one general characteristic of psychedelics?
Published	05/29/2024	{{c1::Cannabis::substance}} affects the {{c2::cannabinoid receptor::receptor}}.
Published	05/29/2024	{{c1::Monoaminergic substances::substance}} interact with the {{c2::monoamine neurotransmitters::neurotransmitters}}.
Published	06/03/2024	{{c1::NMDA antagonists::substance}} block a special part of the {{c2::glutamate system::system}} involved in pain transmission and modulation.
Published	05/29/2024	{{c1::Anticholinergic substances::substance}} block parts of the {{c2::acetylcholine neurotransmission::system}}.
Published	05/29/2024	delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol(THC)
Published	05/29/2024	Which receptor is influenced by THC?
Published	05/29/2024	Which substance produced by the brain, reacts with CB1 receptors?
Published	05/29/2024	Anandamide
Published	05/29/2024	When is anandamide released?
Published	05/29/2024	What is the natural function of anandamide?
Published	05/29/2024	What system is influenced by LSD?
Published	05/29/2024	LSD specifically stimulates the {{c1::5-HT2 serotonin receptors::receptor}}.
Published	05/29/2024	Ecstasy effects are sometimes described as modestly hallucinogenic. This is probably due to interactions with the {{c1::serotonin}} system.
Published	05/29/2024	The activating effect of XTC is rather due to interactions with the {{c1::noradrenergic}} system.
Published	05/29/2024	The euphoric aspect of ecstacy are due to interactions with the {{c1::dopaminergic}} system.
Published	05/30/2024	According to the monoamine hypothesis, what monoamines underlie the pathology of depression?
Published	05/30/2024	What is the working mechanism of MAOIs?
Published	06/28/2024	What is the working mechanism of TCAs?
Published	05/30/2024	Post mortem findings show that low levels of {{c1::serotonin}} are related to suicide
Published	05/30/2024	What is the working mechanism of SSRIs?
Published	05/30/2024	Name three types of SSRIs
Published	05/30/2024	Why do patients often feel worse in the first few weeks of using an SSRI?
Published	06/27/2024	Depression:What does desensitization of auto-receptors lead to?
Published	06/28/2024	What happens after desensitization of auto-receptors?
Published	06/17/2024	What is the end result of desensitization of receptors when using SSRIs?
Published	06/11/2024	What is the downside of using TCA instead of SSRI?
Published	05/30/2024	What is the downside of using an MAOI instead of an SSRI?
Published	06/03/2024	What are alternative treatments for depression?
Published	06/02/2024	{{c1::Bupropion}} is modern medication for depression, that inhibits the reuptake of {{c2::noradrenaline and dopamine}}
Published	06/06/2024	Neurotrophic hypothesis
Published	05/30/2024	What is the commonality between alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepines?
Published	06/20/2024	On what depends the function and sensitivity of a GABAa receptor for a substance?
Published	05/30/2024	Activation of a GABA-unit leads to influx of Cl-, which leads to {{c1::hyperpolarization::depolarization/hyperpolarization}} of the cell
Published	05/30/2024	{{c1::Barbiturates::type of substance}} are less specific than {{c2::benzodiazepines::type of substance}}
Published	06/03/2024	Name three types of benzo's
Published	05/30/2024	Binding potential
Published	06/20/2024	Benzodiazepines enhance binding potential that works especially with a {{c1::low::low or high}} {{c2::GABA}} concentration
Published	06/20/2024	Without {{c1::\(\alpha1\)::GABA subunit}} sedative effects of benzodiazepines do not occur.
Published	06/20/2024	Without {{c1::\(\alpha2\)::GABA subunit}}, anxiolytic effects of benzodiazepines do not occur.
Published	06/27/2024	What is the function of antidepressants in the treatment of anxiety?
Published	07/03/2024	Besides antidepressants, what other possible treatments are there for anxiety?
Published	06/16/2024	What type of new treatments for anxiety are being developed?
Published	06/27/2024	{{c1::Glutamatergic}} transmission is crucial for fear extinction (unlearning of fear)
Published	06/30/2024	D-cycloserine
Published	05/30/2024	{{c1::D-cycloserine::substance}} makes extinction learning during exposure therapy more sufficient
Published	05/30/2024	Stimulants lead to the enhancement of {{c1::cognitive}} functioning
Published	05/30/2024	Ritalin improves performance on the {{c1::stop}} task
Published	05/30/2024	Why are doses of Ritalin usually increased for children compared to adults?
Published	06/06/2024	Why does an increasing dose of amphetamine lead to a decreasing reaction time in the stop task?
Published	06/06/2024	What type of brainactivity is increased in ADHD patients?
Published	06/29/2024	What do stimulants stimulate?
Published	05/30/2024	The {{c1::higher::higher or lower}} the theta, the {{c2::better::worse or better}} the response to methylphenidate
Published	06/28/2024	Flakka (zombie drug)
Published	05/30/2024	What happens when you administer too much of a sedating zombie drug like xylazine?
Published	06/10/2024	What is the paradox of stimulants?
Published	05/30/2024	MPh and cocaine have the same sympathomimetic effect when administered intravenously, but the effects of {{c1::MPh}} last longer
Published	06/18/2024	When a task is more {{c1::complex::simple/complex}}, the enhancing effects of stimulants is {{c2::reduced::increased/reduced}}
Published	05/30/2024	According to a memory set task, working memory is improved by {{c1::nicotine::substance}}
Published	05/30/2024	What are positive symptoms?
Published	05/30/2024	What are negative symptoms?
Published	05/30/2024	What was the first classic antypsychotic
Published	06/28/2024	What are the two primary downsides of Haloperidol?
Published	05/30/2024	Why does chronic use of Haloperidol lead to extrapyramidal side effects?
Published	05/30/2024	Which brain area has to be targeted to also treat negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
Published	05/30/2024	Clozapine interacts more strongly with {{c1::D4}} receptors than with {{c2::D2}} receptors
Published	05/30/2024	What does the serotonergic hypothesis of schizophrenia state?
Published	05/30/2024	What is the downside of chronic use of Clozapine?
Published	07/03/2024	Aripiprazole {{c1::enhances::enhances or reduces}} dopamine transmission with little dopamine binding, but {{c2::reduces::enhances or reduces}} transm…
Published	06/28/2024	Prepulse inhibition (PPI)
Published	06/24/2024	P50 potential
Published	05/30/2024	{{c1::P50 gating}} is disrupted in people with schizophrenia
Published	06/06/2024	What three substances normalize P50 gating?
Published	06/02/2024	Besides chlorpromazine what is the other best-known antipsychotic drug?
Published	06/10/2024	Besides dopamine receptors, which other receptors does clozapine block?
Published	06/02/2024	Blocking {{c1::D2 receptors::specific receptor}} in the {{c2::basal ganglia::brain area}} can interrupt necessary motor signals.
Published	06/02/2024	How do chlorpromazine and haloperidol affect D2 receptors?
Published	06/28/2024	How do classic antipsychotics differ?
Published	06/02/2024	How do substances that reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia work?
Published	06/02/2024	How does clozapine antagonize dopamine transmission?
Published	06/02/2024	How might a substance that interacts with D4 receptors help schizophrenia?
Published	06/02/2024	The classic antipsychotics are less effective in treating the {{c1::negative}} symptoms.
Published	06/02/2024	Unlike clozapine, {{c1::aripiprazole::drug}} stimulates instead of blocks the receptors.
Published	06/11/2024	What are the typical side effects of chlorpromazine?
Published	06/02/2024	What is a potential side effect of blocking D2 receptors in the basal ganglia?
Published	06/02/2024	What is another effect of clozapine besides dopamine and serotonin blockade?
Published	06/29/2024	What is aripiprazole?
Published	06/02/2024	What is the negative side effect of clozapine?
Published	06/02/2024	What role do D2 receptors in the basal ganglia play?
Published	06/02/2024	What was the first antipsychotic drug to be used?
Published	06/02/2024	Which receptors are more important for negative symptoms in antipsychotics?
Published	06/02/2024	Why isn’t clozapine always the first choice for treatment?
Published	06/03/2024	Abuse (substance)
Published	06/03/2024	Addiction
Published	06/03/2024	Dependence
Published	06/03/2024	What is primarily required to end a heroin addiction?
Published	06/03/2024	What are naltrexone and naloxone?
Published	06/03/2024	Endorphines
Published	06/03/2024	Why does morphine have analgesic effects?
Published	06/03/2024	Morphine
Published	06/03/2024	Heroin
Published	06/03/2024	What are the most well-known opiates?
Published	06/03/2024	What is generally accepted and happens when specific substances stimulate their specific receptor system?
Published	06/03/2024	What makes stopping smoking complicated?
Published	06/30/2024	How is the 'liking-system' in the brain characterized in terms of substance dependence?
Published	06/03/2024	What are the two theories for brain systems in dependence?
Published	06/03/2024	What can desensitisation outside the brain lead to?
Published	06/03/2024	What direct effect does repeated use of a substance have on receptors?
Published	06/03/2024	What is tolerance based on?
Published	06/03/2024	What happens to the acute effects of a substance with chronic use?
Published	06/05/2024	Psychotomimetic effect
Published	06/05/2024	Psychedelics
Published	06/05/2024	What are the effects of cannabis?
Published	06/05/2024	Increasing dosages of {{c1::THC::substance}} lead to a slower search capacity when memory load increases
Published	06/06/2024	How could ecstacy be used as an antidepressant?
Published	06/05/2024	How can you determine whether a substance is rewarding and therefore possibly addictive?
Published	06/29/2024	What is the difference between the working mechanism of anandamide and THC?
Published	06/05/2024	{{c1::CBD::substance}} does not work to augment exposure therapy
Published	06/05/2024	Studies are still hesitant about the therapeutic value of {{c1::ecstacy::substance}}
Published	06/05/2024	Dissociatives
Published	06/05/2024	Dissociatives are used in experimental research as a model for {{c1::schizophrenia}}
Published	06/05/2024	Dissociatives affect neurotransmission by blocking the {{c1::NMDA receptor::receptor}}
Published	06/05/2024	How can ketamine contribute to the treatment of depression?
Published	06/05/2024	LSD mostly has high affinity for {{c1::5HT2}} receptors, but also a little for {{c2::D2}} receptors
Published	06/21/2024	What do SNRIs combine in their effect?
Status	Last Update	Fields