Notes in Protein Quality Control

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Published	09/07/2023	Failure of proteins to fold correctly or remain correctly folded can result in {{c1::cell stress}}, {{c1::cell death}}, and {{c1::tissue pathology}}.
Published	09/07/2023	Protein folding is dictated by {{c1::the primary amino acid sequence}} and {{c1::the cellular environment}}.
Published	09/07/2023	True or false: All cells have mechanisms for resolving protein misfolding.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Molecular chaperones}} are proteins that limit access to dead-end protein folding pathways through ATP hydrolysis.
Published	09/07/2023	Two types of ATP-dependent molecular chaperones include:{{c1::Chaperones (i.e., Hsp70)}}: bind to hydrophobic regions (which are prone to aggregation)…
Published	09/07/2023	Protein misfolding can result in two types of pathogenesis:{{c1::Loss of function (degradation, mislocalization)}}{{c1::Gain of function (aggregation,…
Published	09/07/2023	Pathogenesis of protein misfolding can have different etiologies:{{c1::Familial}} - heritable, symptoms can appear in childhood (i.e., cystic fiborsis…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, etc.)}} can exhibit aggregation of misfolded proteins in certain tissu…
Published	09/07/2023	Cells can cope with the accumulation of unfolded proteins via 2 pathways:{{c1::Unfolded Protein Response (UPR)}}{{c1::Endoplastic Reticulum-Associated…
Published	09/07/2023	Several types of cellular stresses can disrupt proteostasis, including: {{c1::ER Ca2+ depletion, misfolded proteins, reductive stress, mood alter…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Unfolded Protein Response}} can either result in success or failure (apoptosis).
Published	09/07/2023	UPR occurs in the {{c1::endoplasmic reticulum}} because it is the most sensitive to cellular stress.
Published	09/07/2023	UPR has 3 main signaling pathways that involve ER lumen-facing receptors that detect unfolded proteins:PERK kinase {{c1::phosphorylates cytoplasmic eI…
Published	09/07/2023	UPR has 3 main signaling pathways that involve ER lumen-facing receptors that detect unfolded proteins:IRE1 endonuclease {{c1::splices an intron in xb…
Published	09/07/2023	UPR has 3 main signaling pathways that involve ER lumen-facing receptors that detect unfolded proteins:ATF6 {{c1::trafficks to the Golgi apparatus whe…
Published	09/07/2023	UPR is {{c1::temporally}} regulated.
Published	09/07/2023	Endoplasmic Reticulum-Associated Protein Degradation (ERAD) functions by:{{c1::detecting misfolded proteins}}{{c1::targeting unfolded proteins}} …
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Type II diabetes mellitus}} can be caused by the aggregation of an islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP), amylin, which results in reduced insulin se…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Amylin}} is a peptide hormone secreted from pancreatic β-cells that is deficient in diabetic individuals.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Alzheimer's Disease}} arises from the aggregation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) which results from the cleavage of amyloid precursor proteins.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Prion diseases}} involve the misfolding of proteins, which can impair nervous system function.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::E3 Ligase}} tags unfolded or misfolded protein with {{c1::ubiquitin}} for future degradation.
Published	09/07/2023	Loss of function: {{c1::misfolded protein results in degradation}}.
Published	09/07/2023	Gain of function: {{c1::misfolded protein forms aggregates that promote cell death}}
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