Notes in CBB23 Enzymes and regulation

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Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: GeneralEnzymes are protein (usually) catalysts that {{c1::increase}} the rate of reactions without being changed in the overall process.Enzym…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme properties•Enzymes are protein catalysts that increase the {{c1::velocity}} of a chemical reaction, and are not {{c2::consumed}} …
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme Properties – Active SitesThe active site is a special {{c1::pocket}} or {{c1::cleft}} that binds the substrate.It contains a complemen…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme Properties --> Catalytic EfficiencyEnzymes are highly {{c1::efficient}}, 10³-10¹⁴ times faster than uncatalyzed reactions!Turnover …
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme Properties – SpecificityEnzymes are highly specific.They interact with only one or a few {{c1::substrates}}.Enzymes catalyze only {{c2…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme Properties – HoloenzymeSome enzymes require molecules other than proteins for enzymatic activity.A {{c1::holoenzyme}} is an enzyme com…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Enzyme properties--> location within cell•Many enzymes are located to specific subcellular compartments including organelles. •Isolat…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: How They Work – Energy Changes During the ReactionThe energy barrier is the energy difference between the reactants and a high-energy interme…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: How They Work – Chemistry of Active Site – Stabilize Transition StateThe active site holds the substrate in a conformation ({{c1::high-energy…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: How They Work --> Chemistry of Active Site --> Providing Chemical GroupsEnzymes provide chemical groups that facilitate the {{c1::forma…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity – Substrate ConcentrationThe rate or velocity ({{c2::v₀}}) of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is defined as …
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity – TemperatureReaction velocity generally {{c1::increases}} with increasing temperature until a peak is re…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Factors Affecting Reaction Velocity – pHFor optimal catalytic activity, the enzyme and substrate typically need certain groups to be in a {{c…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme ActivityThe rate of enzymatic reactions in the body is responsive to changes in [{{c1::S}}] because the physiological [S…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Allosteric EnzymesAllosteric enzymes are regulated by effectors (modifiers) that bind to sites {{c1::other}} …
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Allosteric EnzymesEffectors that inhibit enzyme activity (decrease Vmax and/or increase Km) are called {{c1::…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Allosteric Enzymes{{c1::Homotropic}} Effectors: The substrate {{c3::itself}} acts as an activator. When it bi…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Covalent ModificationsThe most commonly encountered type of enzyme regulation by covalent modification is {{c…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Regulation of Enzyme Activity – Induction/Repression of Enzyme SynthesisThe {{c1::amount}} of enzyme present can be controlled by altering th…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Clinical DiagnosisA small group of enzymes are secreted into the {{c1::blood}}, for example enzymes involved in blood coagulation.However, a …
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Clinical Diagnosis --> Plasma Enzyme LevelsDiseases that damage tissues may {{c1::increase}} the release of intracellular enzymes into pla…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Clinical Diagnosis --> Plasma Enzyme as a ToolSome enzymes show relatively high activity in only one or a few specific {{c1::tissues}}, an…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Clinical Diagnosis – Isoenzymes and Heart DiseaseIsoenzymes catalyze the same reaction but differ at the {{c1::amino acid (genetic)}} level; …
Published	09/14/2024	Creatine Kinase (CK) is a dimer enzyme, forming three possible isoenzymes (m & b are the subunits):i. CK1 = BB, which is found predominantly in th…
Published	09/14/2024	Enzymes: Clinical Diagnosis – Isoenzymes and Heart DiseaseTroponin {{c1::T}} and Troponin {{c1::I}} are released into the plasma when cardiac tissue i…
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