Notes in 09_pulm

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Published	12/28/2023	A child presents with nasal polyps - what diseases should he be worked up for (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the triad of aspirin-intolerant asthma?
Published	12/28/2023	In what population are angiofibromas classically seen? What is the classic presentation?
Published	12/28/2023	A Chinese adult male presents with large cervical lymph nodes and masses in the nasopharynx. Biopsy reveals pleomorphic keratin-positive epithelial ce…
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of acute epiglottitis?
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup)?
Published	12/28/2023	What causes laryngeal papilloma (a benign tumor of the vocal cord)?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the difference in presentation of laryngeal papilloma in adults vs. children?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the risk factors for laryngeal carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two most common causes of lobar pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	A lobar pneumonia in a patient with increased risk for aspiration is suspicious for what organisms (4)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the functions of type I and II pneumocytes?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the gross phases of lobar pneumonia? Describe each:
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the radiologic appearance of bronchopneumonia:
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 5 most common causes of bronchopneumonia and what disease processes are each organism associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia? Who is most at risk?Common complications (2)?
Published	12/28/2023	Most common cause of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia in infants?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of interstitial (atypical) pneumonia in patients taking post-transplant immunosuppressive therapy?
Published	12/28/2023	Which lobe is most commonly involved in cases of aspiration pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	Compare primary TB  and secondary TB in terms of:Initiating factorsLocationCharacteristic lesions/gross pathological featuresSymptoms
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key spirometry readings for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?TLC:FEV1:FVC:FEV1/FVC ratio:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the definiton of chronic bronchitis? What is it highly associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the Reid index? What is diagnostic value for chronic bronchitis?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of cell undergoes hypertrophy in chronic bronchitis?
Published	12/28/2023	4 clinical features of chronic bronchitis:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the underlying physical/functional pathophys of emphysema?
Published	12/28/2023	Emphysema is caused by an imbalance of proteases and antiproteases. What are the 2 most common causes, and how do they create these imbalances?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of emphysema does alpha-1 antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency result in?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common clinically relevant mutation causing A1AT deficiency? How do heterozygotes and homozygotes present?
Published	12/28/2023	5 clinical features of emphysema:
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 key histopathological findings in the sputum of asthmatics?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 6 causes of bronchiectasis?
Published	12/28/2023	2 serious complications of bronchiectasis?
Published	12/28/2023	Bronchiectasis symptoms (3)?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the key spirometry reading for restrictive diseases?TLC:FEV1:FVC:FEV1/FVC ratio:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the key cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	The patient from whom this lung specimen was taken likely had what disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What is Caplan syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What is anthracosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 4 most common pneumoconioses?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the only pneumoconiosis that increases the risk for tuberculosis infection?
Published	12/28/2023	Differential diagnosis for noncaseating granulomas in the lung, hilar lymph nodes and systemic organs?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a ferruginous body?
Published	12/28/2023	Any disease involving noncaseating granulomas can induce hypercalcemia. Why?
Published	12/28/2023	How is pulmonary HTN defined?
Published	12/28/2023	Plexiform lesions are characteristic of what?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the gene that is classically associated with familial forms of primary pulmonary HTN? What does it do?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the hallmark of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)? How do they arise?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 key treatments for ARDS?
Published	12/28/2023	What immune cell is key to the pathogenesis of ARDS and what does it do? List some initiating causes of ARDS:
Published	12/28/2023	Recovery from ARDS may be complicated by what? Why does this happen?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the main component of surfactant? (& other name)
Published	12/28/2023	What happens to the amniotic lecithin:sphingomyelin ratio as the fetal lungs mature? What is the target ratio?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 factors that neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is associated with?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 2 key mutagens found in cigarette smoke?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 exposures that greatly increase risk of developing lung cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the key finding on imaging for lung cancer? What does the subsequent work-up entail?
Published	12/28/2023	What are two non-cancer causes of "coin lesions" seen on X-ray?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 paraneoplastic syndromes associated with small cell carcinoma of the lung?
Published	12/28/2023	Which neuroendocrine cells does small cell carcinoma stem from?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the paraneoplastic syndrome associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 2 characteristic histological features of squamous cell carcinoma of the lung?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common tumor in non-smokers as well as in female smokers?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the location of the following lung tumors: small cell, squamous cell, adenocarcinoma, large cell, bronchioloalveolar carcinoma?
Published	12/28/2023	Which lung cancer classically presents as a pneumonia-like consolidation on imaging (and has an excellent prognosis)?
Published	12/28/2023	Which type of cell does a bronchioloalveolar carcinoma arise from? What is that cell's function?
Published	12/28/2023	Which lung tumor is chromogranin positive?
Published	12/28/2023	Which type of lung tumor classically forms a polyp-like mass in the bronchus?
Published	12/28/2023	What is more common to the lung: primary tumor or metastasis?
Published	12/28/2023	To where does lung cancer most commonly metastasize?
Published	12/28/2023	Which two lung cancers are not in any way related to smoking?
Published	12/28/2023	What is a Pancoast tumor and what can it cause?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of pneumothorax shifts the trachea to the side of the collapse?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of pneumothorax shifts the trachea to the opposite side of the collapse?
Published	12/28/2023	What does mesothelioma present with (3 symptoms)?
Published	12/28/2023	Diagnosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Type of pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	Type of Pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	Type of pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of pneumonia?
Published	12/28/2023	What organism can be seen in this specimen stained with an AFB stain?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology is this histological specimen taken from the lung indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What is depicted in the histology specimen taken from the lung seen below? What disease would this be found in?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be seen on this histological specimen taken from the lung? Underlying disease?
Published	12/28/2023	What is this?
Published	12/28/2023	This radiograph is characteristic of what condition?
Published	12/28/2023	What condition might this radiograph be indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What lung cancer is this?
Published	12/28/2023	What cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What lung cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What lung cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What lung cancer?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of lung cancer is this?
Published	12/28/2023	What is this lung tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of lung tumor is this?
Published	12/28/2023	What type of lung cancer is this? What type of stain?
Published	12/28/2023	What pathology can be seen on this radiograph?
Published	12/28/2023	What lung malignancy?
Published	12/28/2023	What disease might this histopathological specimen taken from the bronchi be indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What disease is this histolopathologic specimen indicative of?
Published	12/28/2023	What can be seen in this histology specimen from the liver?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common cause of rhinitis?
Published	12/28/2023	An inflammatory infiltrate in the nasopharynx in a patient with asthma and eczema indicates what pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	This radiograph is supsicious for what respiratory tract pathology?
Published	12/28/2023	What are vocal cord nodules composed of?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the 3 patterns of pneumonia commonly seen on X-ray?
Published	12/28/2023	How does atypical pneumonia present, both clinically and radiographically?
Published	12/28/2023	Atypical pneumonia in the elderly is most commonly caused by what infectious entity?
Published	12/28/2023	A veternarian comes to you with a high fever and symptoms of atypical (interstitial) pneumonia. What organism should be on your differential?
Published	12/28/2023	Asthma is often associated with what 3 things?
Published	12/28/2023	Asthma is driven by what immune cells?
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 cytokines largely drive the pathogenesis of asthma?
Published	12/28/2023	Describe the overall general pathogenesis of asthma:
Published	12/28/2023	What is the treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are some causes of secondary pulmonary fibrosis?
Published	12/28/2023	Though the exact etiology is unknown, what likely causes sarcoidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the classic histological structure seen in sarcoidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the two most common sites of involvement in sarcoidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 less commonly involved tissues involved in sarcoidosis?
Published	12/28/2023	In silicosis, where do fibrotic nodules typically form?
Published	12/28/2023	4 clinical features/lab values of sarcoidosis:
Published	12/28/2023	What 3 processes lead to artery thickening in cases of pulmonary hypertension?
Published	12/28/2023	What are the cardiac sequelae of pulmonary hypertension?
Published	12/28/2023	What are 3 causes of secondary pulmonary HTN?
Published	12/28/2023	What is the most common lung tumor in male smokers?
Published	12/28/2023	Into what 2 general categories is lung carcinoma typically divided? How do these classifications affect treatment?
Published	12/28/2023	Pleural involvement is classically seen with which lung tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	What is superior vena cava syndrome?
Published	12/28/2023	What two nerves can be involved with a central lung tumor?
Published	12/28/2023	Does lung cancer often present early or late?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a spontaneous pneumothorax commonly arise, and in whom?
Published	12/28/2023	How does a tension pneumothorax arise?
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