Notes in MtM V (Gene expression)

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Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Transcription }}is the process of {{c2::using one of the 2 DNA strands as a template to produce an RNA strand}}.
Published	11/11/2024	Any gene contains a {{c1::promoter sequence}} just before the coding-DNA sequence starts, within which, there is a region high in T and A bases known …
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::General transcription factors}} are {{c2::proteins}} that {{c2::assemble}} and {{c2::attach}} to the {{c2::TATA box region}} of the promoter seq…
Published	11/11/2024	RNA is synthesised in a {{c1::5}}' to {{c1::3}}' direction by {{c1::RNA polymerase II}}, and this means RNA polymerase travels from the {{c1::3}}’ to …
Published	11/11/2024	RNA polymerase acts by forming {{c1::phosphodiester bonds}} between n{{c1::ucleotide triphosphates}} that have hydrogen bonded with the…
Published	11/11/2024	The RNA polymerase continues until it reaches a {{c1::terminator sequence}} of DNA, which it {{c1::transcribes}} and then {{c1::detaches}} from the DN…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::RNA capping}} is where a {{c1::guanine nucleotide}} is added to the {{c1::5}}’ end of the strand, shortly after transcription has started and be…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Polyadenylation}} is where the {{c1::3}}’ end of strand is first {{c1::trimmed by enzymes}}, and then a specialised structure is added to t…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Splicing}} is the removal of {{c1::introns}} from the strand by {{c1::snRNA}} and {{c1::accessory proteins}} that together form an {{c1::sn…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Translation}} is {{c1::the process of synthesising a protein strand using the mRNA strand’s code}}.
Published	11/11/2024	There is always a {{c2::start codon}}, which is {{c1::AUG}}, at the {{c2::start}} of every strand, that {{c2::signals the initiation of translation}}.
Published	11/11/2024	DNA strands contain sequences known as {{c1::enhancers}}, to which a protein can bind in order to {{c1::increase the rate of transcription}}.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c1::Repressor}} and {{c1::activator}} proteins can modify the {{c1::octameric histone}} complexes in ways that make the DNA structure more or less {…
Published	11/11/2024	The activation and deactivation of genes can be a result of {{c1::environmental}}, {{c1::hormonal}}, or other factors.
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Activator proteins}} attract {{c1::histone acetyl transferases}} that add an {{c1::acetyl group}} to the tails of {{c1::histone proteins}}, in o…
Published	11/11/2024	{{c2::Repressor proteins}} attract {{c1::histone de-acetylase enzymes}} that remove {{c1::acetyl groups}} from the tails of {{c1::histone molecules}} …
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Published	11/11/2024	Some genes have {{c1::alternative splicing}} leading to the production of {{c2::different mRNA and proteins from the same gene}}.
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