Notes in Molecular biology

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Published	02/06/2025	Researchers are investigating the effects of genetic mutations. Using a novel genetic engineering technique, point mutations are generated in template…
Published	02/08/2025	A 28-year-old woman presents for genetic counseling. She has a 7-year-old son with Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD) due to a dystrophin gene mutation.…
Published	02/06/2025	Researchers are investigating the effects of genetic mutations. Using a novel genetic engineering technique, point mutations are generated in DNA. Mut…
Published	02/08/2025	A 13-year-old male is evaluated for pain in his chest and difficulty breathing. He has a history of similar presentations associated with hemolyt…
Published	02/08/2025	A 3-day-old boy is seen for abdominal distension and bilious vomiting. He has not had a bowel movement since birth. An abdominal X-ray shows dilated l…
Published	02/08/2025	A 3-day-old boy is seen for abdominal distension and bilious vomiting. He has not had a bowel movement since birth. An abdominal X-ray shows dila…
Published	02/06/2025	Researchers are studying a 50kd protein implicated in adenocarcinoma of the colon. A mutation is identified in a nucleotide sequence that codes for th…
Published	02/08/2025	A pharmaceutical company develops a new chemotherapy agent for breast cancer which inhibits eukaryotic DNA telomerase. The company is concerned about …
Published	02/08/2025	A researcher is investigating a newly-discovered inhibitor of DNA synthesis in the laboratory. A single eukaryotic chromosome is isolated. This is com…
Published	02/08/2025	A 34-year-old female presents with three days of fever and cough productive of purulent sputum. A pulmonary exam shows crackles over the right upper l…
Published	02/08/2025	A scientist is attempting to identify the gene responsible for a hereditary disorder of skeletal muscles. A potential culprit gene is identified. In t…
Published	02/08/2025	Researchers are developing a new antibiotic in the laboratory. An isolate of Staphylococcus aureus is grown in culture in normal media …
Published	02/08/2025	Telomers are {{c1::nucleotides at the end of chromosomes}} that contain {{c1::T-T-A-G-G-G}} sequences. The {{c1::telomerase}} enzy…
Published	02/08/2025	DNA polymerase also has {{c1::exonuclease}} activity, moving in a {{c1::3}}' to {{c1::5}}' direction, significantly reducing error rate…
Published	02/08/2025	DNA replication is {{c1::semi-conservative}} because there's a new and a old strand.
Published	02/08/2025	{{c1::Leading}} strand replication is {{c1::continuous }}, while {{c1::lagging}} strand replication is {{c1::discontinous}}
Published	02/08/2025	Some chemotherapy agents like etoposide/teniposide, irinotecan, topotecan, or anthracyclines, target {{c1::Eukaryotic topoisomerases}}
Published	02/08/2025	Quinolone antibiotics inhibit {{c1::Prokaryotic topoisomerases}}
Published	02/08/2025	The enzyme {{c1::topoisomerase}} prevents DNA tangling by breaking DNA and reasiling it to relieve tension or twists. {{c1::Topoisoerase I}}…
Published	02/08/2025	In the lagging strand (inferior), there will be multiple fragments of DNA called {{c1::Okazaki fragments}}, which will later on be removed and re…
Published	02/08/2025	DNA replication starts at specific sites called {{c1::origin of replication}}, where {{c1::A-T rich}} sequences attract DNA initiator protei…
Published	02/08/2025	Nucleotides are always synthesized as {{c1::monophosphates}}, then converted to {{c1::triphosphate}} form , to be added to DNA
Published	02/08/2025	Adenine always pairs with {{c1::Thymine or uracil}}, while {{c1::Guanine}} always pairs with {{c1::Cytosine}}
Published	02/08/2025	Sickle cell anemia is a {{c1::missense}} mutation in the beta globin gene, where a single base substitution in the #{{c1::6}}th codon of beta glo…
Published	02/08/2025	Codons are sequences of #{{c1::3}} nucleotides, the 3 stop codons are: {{c1::UGA}}, {{c1::UAA}}, {{c1::UAG}}
Published	02/08/2025	There are diferent types of mutations:{{c1::Germline mutations}}: mutation if dna of sperm cells/eggs, trasmitted to offspring {{c1::Somatic muta…
Published	02/08/2025	DNA mutatiosn refers to {{c1::errors in DNA}}. Point mutations include:{{c1::Transition}}: purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimide {{c1::…
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