Notes in Brainstem Level Identification

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Published	11/30/2024	Sensory neurons orders linking target to cortex- {{c1::First order (primary) sensory neuron}}- {{c1::Second order (secondary) sensory neuron…
Published	11/30/2024	Gray matter consists of {{c1::neuronal cell bodies::cell structure}} and is organized into {{c1::ventral (motor)}} and {{c1::dorsal (sensory)}} horns.…
Published	11/30/2024	White matter consists mainly of {{c1::axons and dendrites::cell structure}}, and is divided into {{c1::ventral, lateral, and dorsal}} funiculi (column…
Published	11/30/2024	anterior white commissure consists of {{c1::crossing/decussating axons::cell structure}} of nerve cells and is located {{c1::ventral::direction}} to t…
Published	11/30/2024	Spinothalamic tract is in the {{c1::anterior/lateral}} funiculus and contains {{c1::ascending::ascending/descending}} axons that carry {{c1::pain and …
Published	11/30/2024	Conscious proprioceptive sensations are relayed at the {{c1::cerebral cortex }} level
Published	11/30/2024	Unconscious proprioceptive sensations are relayed at the {{c1::cerebellum}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lateral funiculus notable tracts:- {{c1::corticospinal tract}}- {{c1::spinocerebellar tract}}- {{c1::spinothalamic tract}}
Published	11/30/2024	Corticospinal tract is in the {{c1::lateral}} funiculus and contains {{c1::descending::ascending/descending}} axons that carry {{c1::somatic motor ::i…
Published	11/30/2024	dorsal spinocerebellar tract is in the {{c1::lateral}} funiculus and contains {{c1::ascending::ascending/descending}} axons that carry {{c1::unconscio…
Published	11/30/2024	fasciculus gracilis is in the {{c1::dorsal/posterior}} funiculus and contains {{c1::ascending::ascending/descending}} axons that carry {{c1::discrimin…
Published	11/30/2024	fasciculus cuneatus is in the {{c1::dorsal/posterior}} funiculus and contains {{c1::ascending::ascending/descending}} axons that carry {{c1::discrimin…
Published	11/30/2024	There are spinal cord enlargements at the {{c1::cervical (C5-T1)::spinal nerves}} and {{c1::lumbosacral (L1-S2)::spinal nerves}} levels
Published	11/30/2024	Cervical and lumbosacral enlargements are produced by expansions of the {{c1::grey}} matter to innervate {{c1::the limbs}}
Published	11/30/2024	White matter is most abundant in the {{c1::upper}} spinal cord because it {{c1::contain the sensory and motor pathways serving all four limbs}}
Published	11/30/2024	Fasciculus gracilis is present at {{c1::cervical and lumbosacral}} spinal levels
Published	11/30/2024	Fasciulus cuneatus is present at {{c1::cervical and thoracic}} levels
Published	11/30/2024	Sensory axons become segregated at the {{c1::dorsal root entry zone}} into {{c2::medial (touch/ proprioception)}} and {{c2::lateral (pain/temperature)…
Published	11/30/2024	Dorsal root entry zone is the {{c1::area where dorsal roots enter the spinal cord}}
Published	11/30/2024	Medial division of dorsal root entry zone send axons into the {{c1::dorsal}} funiculus where they can either: - {{c1::enter dorsal horn…
Published	11/30/2024	Lateral dorsal root entry zone send axons to:- {{c1::substantia gelatinosa::location}} for {{c1::pain modulation::function}}- {{c1::nucleus proprius::…
Published	11/30/2024	Nucleus proprius gives rise to the {{c1::spinothalamic tract}}
Published	11/30/2024	Ventral horn motor neuron cell bodies are arranged {{c1::somatotopically}}
Published	11/30/2024	somatotopically: {{c1::arranged by body region}}
Published	11/30/2024	In the ventral horn, cells innervating {{c1::proximal}} muscles are located {{c2::medially}} while {{c1::distal}} muscles are located {{c2::…
Published	11/30/2024	Ventral horn enlarges at {{c1::C4-T1::spinal nerves}} and {{c1::L1-S2::spinal nerves}} to {{c1::innervate the limbs::purpose}}
Published	11/30/2024	Lateral motor column: {{c1::ventral horn enlargements at C4-T1 and L1-S2 to innervate limbs}}
Published	11/30/2024	In the ventral horn, cells innervating {{c1::extensor}} muscles are located {{c2::anteriorly}} while {{c1::flexor}} muscles are located {{c2::posterio…
Published	11/30/2024	Lumbar level ventral horn is {{c1::round::shape}} and has proportionally {{c1::more::more/less}} gray matter than white matter
Published	11/30/2024	Thoracic level ventral horn is {{c1::round and small::shape}} and has proportionally {{c1::less::more/less}} gray matter than white matter
Published	11/30/2024	Cervical level ventral horn is {{c1::oval-shaped and squashed::shape}} and has proportionally {{c1::less::more/less}} gray matter than white matter
Published	11/30/2024	Gray matter is largest in the {{c1::lower cervical}} and {{c1::lumbar}} segments
Published	11/30/2024	White matter of the spinal cord increases at {{c1::successively higher levels}}
Published	11/30/2024	Intermediolateral horn is present at {{c1::T1-L2}} spinal cord levels
Published	11/30/2024	foramen magnum: {{c1::large, oval-shaped opening in the occipital bone of the skull}}
Published	11/30/2024	brainstem is continuous with the spinal cord at {{c1::foramen magnum}} of the skull
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain notably includes:- {{c1::superior colliculi}}- {{c1::inferior colliculi}}- {{c1::cerebral peduncles}}- {{c1::cerebral aqu…
Published	11/30/2024	Midbrain area divisions posterior to anterior:- {{c1::Tectum}}- {{c1::ventricular system}}- {{c1::tegmentum}}- {{c1::basal portion…
Published	11/30/2024	Tectum: {{c1::posterior roof over the ventricular system (contains inferior and superior colliculi)}}
Published	11/30/2024	Tegmentum contains:- {{c1::ascending pathways from the spinal cord}}- {{c1::reticular formation}}- {{c1::Red nucleus}}- {{c1::subs…
Published	11/30/2024	reticular formation: {{c1::loose network of nuclei and tracts in the tegmentum of the brainstem}}
Published	11/30/2024	Basal portion of brainstem contains- {{c1::majority of the descending motor pathways}}
Published	11/30/2024	spinal cord - medulla junction- appearance: {{c1::rounded::shape}}- notably present structures: {{c1::fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, a…
Published	11/30/2024	In closed medulla, the CSF-containing cavity {{c1::central canal}} is {{c1::surrounded by}} the medulla
Published	11/30/2024	In open medulla, the CSF-containing cavity {{c1::fourth ventricle}} is {{c1::not surrounded by}} the medulla
Published	11/30/2024	Pyramids are located on the {{c1::ventromedial}} surface of the medulla and are composed of the {{c1::corticospinal tract of that side of the brainste…
Published	11/30/2024	Olives are located on the {{c1::ventrolateral}} surface of the medulla ({{c1::dorsolateral}} to the pyramids) and are composed of the {{c1::spino-oliv…
Published	11/30/2024	Pyramids exist at {{c1::closed (caudal) and open (rostral)}} level of the medulla
Published	11/30/2024	Olives exist at {{c1::open (rostral)}} level of the medulla
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::fasciculus gracilis}} and {{c1::fasciculus cuneatus}} terminate on {{c2::second order neurons in nuclei gracilis (NG) and cuneatus (NC)}}
Published	11/30/2024	{{c1::Internal arcuate fibers (IAF)}} from {{c2::nuclei gracilis}} and {{c2::nuclei cuneatus}} cross the midline and ascend as the {{c3::medial lemnis…
Published	11/30/2024	In the closed medulla, {{c1::spinocerebellar}} tract and {{c1::spinothalamic}} tract are lateral to the medial lemniscus
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Published	11/30/2024	Olives of the open (rostral) medulla are composed of {{c1::large inferior olivary nucleus}}
Published	11/30/2024	In open (rostral) medulla, {{c1::The medial lemniscus::structure}} forms a vertical band of fibers along the midline, {{c1::posterior::direc…
Published	11/30/2024	At open (rostral) medulla, the {{c2::spinothalamic}} tract and the {{c2::spinocerebellar}} tract reside between the {{c1::inferior cerebellar peduncle…
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Published	11/30/2024	Pyramids dissapear at pons because {{c1::corticospinal tract breaks up around nuclei in the pons}}
Published	11/30/2024	caudal pons is attached to the cerebellum primarily by the {{c1::middle cerebellar peduncles (MCP)}}
Published	11/30/2024	In the caudal pons, the:- corticospinal tract: {{c1::dissapears}}- medial lemniscus: {{c1::lateral (flattens and moves laterally)}}- spinoth…
Published	11/30/2024	Axons emerging from the {{c1::cerebellum}} form the {{c2::superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP)}}
Published	11/30/2024	In the rostral pons, the:- corticospinal tract: {{c1::breaks up/dissapears around nuclei in the pons}}- medial lemniscus: {{c1::dorsolateral (rotated …
Published	11/30/2024	on the ventral side of the caudal midbrain descending motor fibers -  {{c1::corticospinal tract}} - come together to form {{c1::cerebral ped…
Published	11/30/2024	on the dorsal side of the caudal midbrain, the {{c1::cerebral aqueduct}} continues the ventricular system through the midbrain
Published	11/30/2024	Cerebral aqueduct is surrounded by the {{c1::pieraqueductal gray (PAG)}} that {{c1::participates in pain regulation::function}}
Published	11/30/2024	Ventral side of the rostral midbrain notable structures- {{c1::cerebral peduncles}}- {{c1::red nucleus}}- {{c1::substantia nigra}}
Published	11/30/2024	Red nucleus is part of the {{c1::cerebellar}} circuitry
Published	11/30/2024	Substantia nigra is part of the {{c1::basal ganglia}} circuitry
Published	11/30/2024	On the dorsal side of the rostral midbrain, the {{c1::superior colliculi}} are posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
Published	11/30/2024	On the dorsal side of the caudal midbrain, the {{c1::inferior colliculi}} are posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
Published	11/30/2024	Anterior commissure purpose: {{c1::transmits information to the contralateral side of the brain}}
Published	11/30/2024	Corticospinal tract cell bodies are located primarily in the {{c1::motor cortex}}
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