Notes in Quizlet CH 1

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Published	10/10/2024	Explain the cytotoxic CD8+ T cell-mediated pathway
Published	10/10/2024	Explain the extrinsic receptor ligand pathway
Published	10/10/2024	Explain the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway
Published	10/10/2024	How are capases in teh apoptoci pathway activated
Published	10/10/2024	Which type of cell death is followed by inflammation?
Published	10/10/2024	What is the morphology of apoptosis
Published	10/10/2024	Apoptosis is mediated by caspases which then activate ____ and ____ that have these functions
Published	10/10/2024	endometrial shedding during menstrual cycle, removal of cells during embryogenesis, CD8+ T cells-mediated killing of virally infected cells are exampl…
Published	10/10/2024	Energy dependent, genetically programmed cell death involvingdeath of single cells or small group of cells
Published	10/10/2024	Necrotic damage to blood vessel → leaking of proteins include fibrin into vessel wall results in pink staining. It is characteristic of malignant hype…
Published	10/10/2024	This type of calcification curs when there is a high serum calcium or phosphate level that leads to calcium deposition on normal tissues
Published	10/10/2024	This type of calcification occurs when there is a normal serum calcium and phosphate level and the calcium deposits on necrotic tissue
Published	10/10/2024	Saponification is an example of this type of calcification
Published	10/10/2024	Fatty acids released by trauma or lipase join with calcium via a process called _____________
Published	10/10/2024	Necrotic adipose tissue with chalky-white appearance due to deposition of calcium
Published	10/10/2024	Soft and friable necrotic tissue with "cottage-cheese like" appearance; it is a combo of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. Characteristic of gran…
Published	10/10/2024	If superimposed infections of dead tissue occurs, then liquefactive necrosis ensues
Published	10/10/2024	Coagulative necrosis that resembles mummified tissue and is characteristic of ischemia of lower limb and GI tract
Published	10/10/2024	What are some examples where you would see Liquefactive necrosis
Published	10/10/2024	Necrotic tissue that becomes liquefied; enzymatic lysis of cells and proteins results in liquefaction
Published	10/10/2024	Necrotic tissue that remains firm, with cell shape and organ structure preserved by coagulation of proteins, but the nucleus disappears
Published	10/10/2024	Death of large groups of cells followed by acute inflammation due to some pathologic process never physiologic*
Published	10/10/2024	What are the two mechanisms of cell death
Published	10/10/2024	The morphological hallmark of cell death is loss of the nucleus. What are the the steps that occur for this to happen?
Published	10/10/2024	These cells are neuroendocrine cells that produce calcitonin
Published	10/10/2024	Excess C-cells from this carcinoma will cause overproduction of calcitonin which can deposit within th tumor. Histologically: tumor cells in a backgro…
Published	10/10/2024	Beta2-microglobulin deposits in joints. Beta2-microglobulin provides structural support for MHC Class I (which are found on all nucleated cells and pl…
Published	10/10/2024	A-Beta amyloid deposits in brain, forming amyloid plaques. Derived from beta-amyloid prescursor protein. Most individuals with Down syndrome will deve…
Published	10/10/2024	Amylin deposits in islets of pancreases derived from insulting
Published	10/10/2024	Mutated serum transthyretin deposits in teh heart leading to restrictive cardiomyopathy
Published	10/10/2024	Non-mutated transthyretin deposits in the heart and is usually asymptomatic
Published	10/10/2024	This type of Amyloidosis is when amyloid deposition is localized to a single organ
Published	10/10/2024	How do you treat/diagnosis systemic Amyloidosis
Published	10/10/2024	What is the most common organ involved in systemic Amyloidosis
Published	10/10/2024	Classic clinical findings of Systemic Amyloidosis
Published	10/10/2024	This disease is an autosomal recessive disorder where there is a dysfunction of neutrophils and occurs in people of Mediterranean origin. They present…
Published	10/10/2024	What is SAA? (serum amyloid)
Published	10/10/2024	Systemic deposition of AA amyloid, derived from SAA
Published	10/10/2024	Systemic deposition of AL amyloid, which is derived from immunoglobulin light chain. Associated with plasma cell dyscrasis
Published	10/10/2024	Where does amyloid tend to deposit
Published	10/10/2024	What type of stains would you use to see amyloid deposits
Published	10/10/2024	Misfolded protein that deposits in the extracellular space that damages tissue
Published	10/10/2024	When you cut the blood supply to an organ and the tissue will die and cell membrane will be damaged leading to enzymes leaking out to the blood. This …
Published	10/10/2024	If this gets in the blood it gets converted to CCl3- (free radical) in the P450 system of the liver and damages the hepatocytes. It is initially rever…
Published	10/10/2024	List 3 enzymes that help eliminate free radicals and what it specifically handles?
Published	10/10/2024	What are some ways to eliminate free radicals?
Published	10/10/2024	How do free radicals cause damage?
Published	10/10/2024	What are some pathologic things that can lead to the generation of free radicals
Published	10/10/2024	How are free radicals made?
Published	10/10/2024	What is the most dangerous free radical?
Published	10/10/2024	These are chemical species with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit. The upoaried electron has the ability to induce damage within the cell
Published	10/10/2024	What is the end result of irreversible injury....
Published	10/10/2024	What happens in the cell if the lysosome membrane is damaged?
Published	10/10/2024	What happens when the inner mitochondrial membrane is damaged?
Published	10/10/2024	What happens when the plasma membrane is damaged?
Published	10/10/2024	What are the 3 membranes of a cell that get damaged resulting in irreversible damage
Published	10/10/2024	When does cellular injury becomes irreversible?
Published	10/10/2024	Cellular swelling is the hallmark of initial phase of cellular injury. What are some of the consequences?
Published	10/10/2024	This process is a poorer production of ATP and produces lactic acid which will decrease the pH of teh cell and precipitate DNA and proteins
Published	10/10/2024	What happens to the Ca2+ pump when there is a low ATP
Published	10/10/2024	The goal of this pump is the have a low Ca2+ concentration within the cytosol
Published	10/10/2024	The goal of this pump is to push sodium ions out of the cell
Published	10/10/2024	What is the first sign of cellular injury
Published	10/10/2024	What are two consequences of hypoxia
Published	10/10/2024	How do you treat methemoglobinemia
Published	10/10/2024	Classic finding of methemoglobinemia
Published	10/10/2024	This is a disease that leads to a decreased oxygen carrying capacity of hemoglobin because the iron in heme is oxidized to Fe+3, which cannot bind oxy…
Published	10/10/2024	What is the appearance of CO poisoning
Published	10/10/2024	Why does CO poisoning lead to a decrease oxygen carrying capacity?
Published	10/10/2024	Decrease in red blood cell mass which leads to a decrease amount of oxygen going to the tissues
Published	10/10/2024	What are three examples of decreased oxygen carrying capacity
Published	10/10/2024	Low partial pressure of oxygen in blood. Some examples are high altitude
Published	10/10/2024	Generalized decrease perfusion of vital organs
Published	10/10/2024	This syndrome is an example of ischemia where a thrombosis of hepatic vein leads to a liver infarction
Published	10/10/2024	Decreased blood flow through an organ
Published	10/10/2024	What are three causes of hypoxia
Published	10/10/2024	Low oxygen delivery to tissues (______) is an important cause of cell injury because ______ is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport c…
Published	10/10/2024	What are some common causes of injury
Published	10/10/2024	Cellular injury occurs when a stress exceeds the cell's ability to adapt. The likelihood of injury depends on what 3 factors?
Published	10/10/2024	Decrease in cell production during embryogenesis that results in a relatively small organ. An example i streak ovary in Turner Syndrome
Published	10/10/2024	Failure of cell production during embryogenesis. An example is unilateral renal agenesis
Published	10/10/2024	What is the relationship between dysplasia and stress?
Published	10/10/2024	Dysplasia arises from....
Published	10/10/2024	Disorder in cell growth, refers to proliferation of precancerous cells
Published	10/10/2024	An example of mesenchymal tissue undergoing metaplasia is this disease where there is heterotropic ossification usually within large muscle groups
Published	10/10/2024	Eye disorder that involves the drying and clouding of the cornea as a result of a Vitamin A deficiency. The thin lining of the conjunctiva undergoes m…
Published	10/10/2024	T/F: apocrine metaplasia is an example of Metaplasia where it can progress to dysplasia and eventually cancer
Published	10/10/2024	T/F: Barret Esophagus is an example of Metaplasia where it can progress to dysplasia and eventually cancer
Published	10/10/2024	How does metaplasia occur
Published	10/10/2024	Describe what is Barret esophagus
Published	10/10/2024	Change in stress on organ leads to a change in cell type is known as
Published	10/10/2024	What are the two methods that a cell size will decrease in the atrophy
Published	10/10/2024	In atrophy, what is the process that occurs to decrease in the number of cells?
Published	10/10/2024	Decrease in stress leads to a decrease in organ size by a decrease in cell size and number of cells
Published	10/10/2024	T/F: BPH is an example where hyperplasia can lead to dysplasia and cancer
Published	10/10/2024	Endometrial hyperplasia is an example where ___________ can progress to ___________________ and cancer
Published	10/10/2024	What is an example where hyperplasia and hypertrophy occur together at the same time?
Published	10/10/2024	Hypertrophy incomes what three events
Published	10/10/2024	Which cells cannot undergo hyperplasia but only hypertrophy?
Published	10/10/2024	Increase in the size of the cells
Published	10/10/2024	Increase in the number of cells
Published	10/10/2024	How do cells adapt to stress?
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