Notes in PHAR212 Rabies 3

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Published	03/12/2024	Definition of AnesthesiaAnesthesia is a {{c1::reversible}} condition induced by anesthetic drugs that cause reduction or complete loss of respons…
Published	03/12/2024	Difference between an Ester and Amide Local AnestheticEsters and amides follow different pathways for metabolism, amides mainly metabolized in {{c1::l…
Published	03/12/2024	"Cain" Alternatives with Local Anesthetics (for less allergies){{c2::Diphenhydramine}}It is a {{c1::first-generation, sedating, oral}} antihistam…
Published	03/12/2024	Structure Activity RelationshipTwo important chemical properties of local anesthetic molecules that impact {{c1::activity}}, {{c1::intrinsic potency}}…
Published	03/12/2024	Lipophilic-Hydrophobic BalanceLipophilic means “fat” loving and expresses the {{c1::tendency of local anesthetic molecules to bind with membrane …
Published	03/12/2024	Hydrogen Ion ConcentrationLocal anesthetics exist as a {{c1::weak base}}Local anesthetics in solution exist in equilibrium between basic uncharge…
Published	03/12/2024	Ionized vs. Non-IonizedEach form has its own specific mechanism of action.Non-ionized (lipid soluble) {{c1::penetrates the neural sheath and pass…
Published	03/12/2024	Ionized vs. Non-Ionized pKa expresses the relationship between ionized and non-ionized forms of local anesthetic. pKa is the {{c1::pH}} …
Published	03/12/2024	Clinical Implications of Ionized and Non-Ionized Forms of Local AnestheticsLocal anesthetics are prepared in a water soluble {{c1::HCl salt}} wit…
Published	03/12/2024	Other Factors Affecting Potency of Local AnestheticsVasoconstrictor/vasodilator properties (affects the rate of vascular uptake)Fiber size, type, and …
Published	03/12/2024	PharmacokineticsInvolves the medication/body interaction or how the {{c1::body}} ‘handles’ the {{c1::medication}}.Principles include {{c1::a…
Published	03/12/2024	Local Anesthetic Blood Concentration Determinants {{c1::Amount}} of local anesthetic injected ({{c1::dose and volume}}){{c1::Absorption rate…
Published	03/12/2024	Patient Related Factors Concerning Blood Concentration of Local Anesthetics{{c1::AgeCardiovascular statusHepatic Function}}
Published	03/12/2024	Systemic Absorption of Local Anesthetics{{c1::Site of injection}}{{c1::Dose and volume}}{{c2::Addition of a vasoconstrictor}}Addition of a {{c2::vasoc…
Published	03/12/2024	Site of InjectionHas a great impact on the {{c1::blood levels}} of local anesthetics.  The more {{c1::vascular}} the tissue the {{c1::greate…
Published	03/12/2024	Dose and VolumeThe blood concentration of a local anesthetic is proportional to the total dose of local anesthetic.  (Be aware of all local anest…
Published	03/12/2024	Adverse EffectsLocal Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity (LAST)CNS Toxicity – may first exhibit as perioral numbness and metallic taste, followed by nystagmu…
Published	03/12/2024	Lidocaine ToxicityMore later but signs and symptoms vary among local anesthetics…With lidocaine there is a {{c1::large disparity in blood concentratio…
Published	03/12/2024	Bupivacaine ToxicityWith bupivacaine there is a {{c1::small disparity}} in blood concentrations between CNS {{c1::signs and symptoms}} and …
Published	03/12/2024	Ropivacaine ToxicityRopivacaine has almost similar structure to the bupivacaine with only one less carbon atom.  It has a {{c1::better}} saf…
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