Notes in Antivirals

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	03/24/2024	What is the mechanism of resistance to Acyclovir/Famciclovir/Valacyclovir?{{c1::Mutated/Absent Thymidine Kinase}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Foscarnet}} is an antiviral agent that acts as a viral {{c3::DNA polymerase}} inhibitor by binding to the {{c2::pyrophosphate}}-binding site of …
Published	03/24/2024	What is the treatment for CMV retinitis in immunocompromised patients when Ganciclovir fails?{{c1::Foscarnet or Cidofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the treatment for Acyclovir-resistant HSV?{{c1::Foscarnet or Cidofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the MOA of Cidofovir?{{c1::Preferential direct inhibition of viral DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Interferons}} are immunomodulatory {{c2::cytokines}} that are released from virus infected host cells
Published	03/24/2024	Upregulation of interferon synthesis in infected cells is accomplished by {{c1::interleukins}}
Published	03/24/2024	Interferon {{c2::alpha}} may be used in the treatment of hepatitis {{c1::B}} and {{c1::C}} infections
Published	03/24/2024	Interferon {{c2::alpha}} may be used in the treatment of neoplasms, including {{c1::hairy cell}} leukemia and malignant {{c1::melanoma}}
Published	03/24/2024	Interferon alpha may be used to treat {{c1::Kaposi sarcoma}} caused by HHV-8
Published	03/24/2024	Interferon alpha may be used to treat {{c1::condyloma accuminata}} caused by HPV
Published	03/24/2024	Interferon alpha may be used to treat {{c1::renal cell}} carcinoma
Published	03/24/2024	Which hepatitis drug causes flu-like symptoms as a possible side effect?{{c1::Interferon alpha}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin is a(n) {{c1::guanosine nucleoside}} analog that inhibits viral {{c2::RNA polymerase }}
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin must be {{c1::phosphorylated three times::specific}} by intracellular enzymes to reach its activated nucleotide form
Published	03/24/2024	A major side effect of ribavirin is that it may cause {{c1::dose-dependent hemolytic anemia (10-20% of patients)}}
Published	03/24/2024	In addition to hepatitis C, what other virus is ribavirin classically used to treat?{{c1::respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Sofosbuvir}} is a nucleotide analog that inhibits the HCV {{c3::NS5B}} {{c2::RNA-dependent RNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c2::Simeprevir}} is a NS3/4A {{c1::protease}} inhibitor that may be used for the treatment of hepatitis C genotype 1
Published	03/24/2024	Second generation NS3/NS4A protease inhibitors and NS5A inhibitors are under clinical investigation to develop HCV treatment regimens that do not requ…
Published	03/24/2024	Which two NRTIs are used to treat hepatitis B?{{c1::lamivudine and tenofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Adverse effects associated with amantadine include {{c1::ataxia}} and {{c2::livedo reticularis}} w/ {{c4::Neuropsychiatri}}c (insomnia, cinfusion, sei…
Published	03/24/2024	PEGylation of interferons allows what pharmacological property to be extended?{{c1::Half Life}}
Published	03/24/2024	Chronic use of interferon alpha is associated with patients experiencing flu-like symptoms; as well as {{c1::depression}}, {{c2::neutro}}penia, and my…
Published	03/24/2024	Patients taking Interferon alpha can experience a drug induced {{c1::lupus}}
Published	03/24/2024	When viruses enter cells, they can trigger the host (via capsule / viral products) to produce Type I Interferons by activation of cytosolic {{c1::patt…
Published	03/24/2024	Type I interferons (IFN-α/IFN-B) work by {{c1::presensitizing}} cells to the products of viral {{c2::replication}}
Published	03/24/2024	Treatment for CMV includes {{c1::Ganciclovir}}, Valganciclovir or Foscarnet/cidofovir
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Foscarnet}} or {{c1::cidofovir}} are used to treat ganciclovir-resistant CMV infections
Published	03/24/2024	Resistance in CMV to ganciclovir occurs with mutations in the {{c1::UL97}} gene
Published	03/24/2024	What is the drug of choice for chickenpox?{{c1::Acyclovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	What drugs can be used to treat Shingles (Herpes zoster)?{{c1::Famciclovir}}, {{c2::Valacyclovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	What is the treatment of RSV (respiratory syncytial virus) in adults?{{c1::Ribavirin}}
Published	03/24/2024	Older treatments that can be used for HCV include {{c1::IFN-alpha}} and {{c1::Ribavirin}}
Published	03/24/2024	Acyclovir, famciclovir and valacyclovir are all {{c1::guanosine}} analogs
Published	03/24/2024	Acyclovir is converted to acyclovir monophosphate by {{c1::thymidine kinase}} in {{c2::virus-infected}} cells
Published	03/24/2024	Acyclovir triphosphate incorporates into replicating viral DNA, inhibiting {{c1::DNA-dependent DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Virus}}-encoded thymidine-kinase phosphorylation is the rate determining activation step of Acyclovir
Published	03/24/2024	Absence of thymidine kinase confers resistance to {{c1::acyclovir}} in HSV
Published	03/24/2024	Which viral DNA-polymerase inhibitors do not require thymidine kinase to become active?{{c1::Cidofovir, Foscarnet}}
Published	03/24/2024	Acyclovir can cause {{c2::interstitial nephritis}} and {{c1::crystalline nephropathy}} (renal side effects)
Published	03/24/2024	Uncommon side-effects of acyclovir include {{c1::delirium}}, confusion, vertigo, and {{c1::hallucinations}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are {{c1::guanosine}} analogs
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir must be {{c1::phosphorylated three times::specific}} by intracellular enzymes to reach its activated nucleotide form
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir is converted to ganciclovir monophosphate by virus-encoded kinases via the {{c1::UL-97}} gene
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir monophosphate is eventually converted to {{c1::ganciclovir triphosphate}} by cellular kinases
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Valganciclovir}} is the prodrug form of Ganciclovir that has better oral bioavailability
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir triphosphate then incorporates into viral DNA, inhibiting {{c1::viral DNA-dependent DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are commonly used to treat {{c1::CMV}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which antiviral is used during solid-organ and bone marrow transplant?{{c1::Ganciclovir or Valganciclovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are used as prophylaxis of CMV retinitis in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Leukopenia (neutropenia)}}, {{c2::anemia}} and {{c3::thrombocytopenia}} are hematological complications of Ganciclovir
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are associated with {{c1::bone marrow}} suppression
Published	03/24/2024	The myelosuppression of Ganciclovir may be additive in patients receiving {{c1::Zidovudine::NRTI therapy}}
Published	03/24/2024	CMV can gain resistance to ganciclovir via mutations in the {{c1::UL-97}} gene or its {{c2::DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	What drugs do not require phosphorylation via CMV viral kinase?{{c1::Foscarnet; Cidofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	What drug is a pyrophosphate analog that directly inhibits viral DNA polymerase?{{c1::Foscarnet}}
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet may induce {{c1::renal::organ}} insufficiency
Published	03/24/2024	Which ion imbalances are associated with Foscarnet administration?{{c1::Hypo-magnesemia, -kalemia, -calcemia}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which antiviral can cause renal insufficiency and decreased serum Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+?{{c1::Foscarnet}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which antiviral can cause seizures due to electrolyte disturbances?{{c1::Foscarnet}}
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet can cause {{c1::seizures}} due to electrolyte disturbances
Published	03/24/2024	Which two antiviral drugs directly inhibit DNA polymerase?{{c1::Foscarnet and Cidofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Resistance to Cidofovir and Foscarnet occurs with mutations to {{c1::viral DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	HAART therapy consists of {{c4::2 NRTIs}} plus 1 of either a(n) {{c1::NNRTI}}, {{c2::protease inhibitor}}, or {{c3::integrase inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Enfuvirtide?{{c1::Fusion inhibitor (inhibitor at penetration)::class (subclass)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Do NRTIs require phosphorylation to be activated?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drug binds to CCR5?{{c1::Maraviroc}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which step ([A] - [D]) of the viral life cycle does Oseltamivir and Zanamivir target?{{c1::[D]}}
Published	03/24/2024	Oseltamivir and Zanamivir work by inhibiting {{c1::Neuraminidase}}
Published	03/24/2024	Maraviroc works by binding {{c1::CCR-5}} on the surface of Monocytes / T cells
Published	03/24/2024	Maraviroc carries a significant risk of {{c1::hepato}}toxicity
Published	03/24/2024	Enfuvirtide causes a skin reaction at {{c1::injection sites}}
Published	03/24/2024	Vivid dreams / Nightmares and CNS symptoms are side effects seen with which NNRTI?{{c1::Efavirenz}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NNRTI's are contraindicated in pregnancy?{{c1::Delaviridine, Efavirenz}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ritonavir is a cytochrome p450 {{c1::inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	The direct acting antiretroviral HCV drugs work by targeting {{c1::RNA}} synthesis
Published	03/24/2024	HCV therapeutics with the suffix {{c1::-buvir}} work by inhibiting the NS5B {{c2::RNA-dependent polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	HCV therapeutics with the suffix {{c1::-asvir}} work by inhibiting the NS5A protein, which plays an integral role in viral {{c2::replication}}
Published	03/24/2024	HCV therapeutics with the suffix {{c1::-previr}} work by inhibiting the NS3/4A {{c2::protease}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin is an antiviral that works by inhibiting the synthesis of {{c1::guanine}} nucleotides
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin is a(n) {{c2::guanosine}} nucleoside analog that acts by competitively inhibiting {{c1::Inosine Monophosphate Dehydrogenase}}
Published	03/24/2024	Patients taking Ribavirin can develop a(n) {{c1::hemolytic}} anemia
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin is extremely contraindicated in what patient population?{{c1::Pregnant patients}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin is used to treat {{c1::RSV}} in adults
Published	03/24/2024	Ribavirin can be used to treat H{{c1::C}}V
Published	03/24/2024	The traditional treatment for HCV was pegylated {{c1::Interferon alpha}} / oral {{c2::ribavirin}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which step ([A] - [D]) of the viral life cycle does Ribavirin target?{{c1::[C]}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which step ([A] - [D]) of the viral life cycle do Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir, Ganciclovir, Valganciclovir target?{{c1::[C]}}
Published	03/24/2024	In their first step of bioactivation, -cyclovirs are converted to the {{c1::monophosphate}} form by specific {{c2::herpesvirus}} kinases
Published	03/24/2024	Which group of -cyclovir's is bioactivated by HSV/VZV thymidine kinase and indicated for treatment of them?{{c1::Acyclovir, Famciclovir, Valacyclovir}…
Published	03/24/2024	Do any of the following antivirals have activity against CMV?{{c1::No}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are used to treat CMV, especially in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients
Published	03/24/2024	Letermovir is an antiviral used for treatment and prophylaxis of CMV infections who have received allogenic {{c1::hematopoietic stem cell}} transplant…
Published	03/24/2024	Valganciclovir, a prodrug of ganciclovir, has better oral {{c1::bioavailability}}
Published	03/24/2024	Ganciclovir causes toxicity at the {{c1::bone marrow}} and the {{c2::kidneys}}
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet and Cidofovir are used for {{c1::CMV retinitis}} in immunocompromised patients
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet and Cidofovir directly inhibit {{c1::DNA polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet is a(n) {{c1::Pyrophosphate}} analog
Published	03/24/2024	Do Foscarnet and Cidofovir require any kinase activation?{{c1::No}}
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet and Cidofovir are indicated for {{c1::acyclovir}}-resistant HSV infections
Published	03/24/2024	Foscarnet and Cidofovir can cause damage to the {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	03/24/2024	Patients taking Foscarnet can experience various {{c1::electrolyte}} abnormalities
Published	03/24/2024	Resistance to Foscarnet develops via a mutation of {{c1::DNA Polymerase}}
Published	03/24/2024	What anti-herpetic drug can produce CNS side effects such as confusion, delirium, vertigo, hallucinations?{{c1::Acyclovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which two anti-influenza drugs inhibit the M2 channels?{{c1::Amantadine; Rimantadine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Zanamivir and Oseltamivir are drugs that inhibit {{c1::neuraminidase}} of {{c2::influenza A and B::strain(s)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which two anti-influenza drugs inhibit neuraminidase (NA)?{{c1::Zanamivir; Oseltamivir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which strain(s) of influenza are treated with neuraminidase inhibitors (zanamivir, oseltamivir)?{{c1::Influenza A and B}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which two anti-influenza drugs inhibit virion release?{{c1::Zanamivir; Oseltamivir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which two anti-influenza drugs inhibit viral uncoating?{{c1::Amantadine and Rimantadine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Oseltamivir / zanamivir also prevent influenza by impairing viral penetration of {{c1::mucous secretions}} that overlie the respiratory epithelium
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Published	03/24/2024	The backbone of Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are {{c1::NRTIs}} such as Zidovudine
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI drug has been shown to reduce HIV transmission frompregnant mothers to their fetuses by 2/3?{{c1::Zidovudine}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::NRTIs::NRTIs or NNRTIs}} insert themselves into the DNA of the reverse transcriptase, halting further elongation
Published	03/24/2024	NRTIs and {{c1::NNRTIs}} both are {{c3::reverse transcriptase}} inhibitors used in the treatment of {{c2::HIV}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is abacavir (ABC)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is didanosine (ddl)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is emtricitabine (FTC)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is lamivudine (3TC)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is stavudine (d4T)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is tenofovir (TDF)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is zidovudine (ZDV, formerly AZT)?{{c1::NRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Maraviroc?{{c1::Fusion inhibitor (inhibitor at attachment)::class (subclass)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Dolutegravir?{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Elvitegravir?{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Raltegravir?{{c1::Integrase inhibitor}}Causes: {{c3::Inhibition of strand transfer}} Results in: No subsequent format…
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Indinavir?{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Ritonavir?{{c1::Protease inhibitor}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Delavirdine?{{c1::NNRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Efavirenz?{{c1::NNRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which type of HAART drug is Nevirapine?{{c1::NNRTI}}
Published	03/24/2024	What classes of HAART drugs directly inhibit HIV reverse transcriptase?{{c1::NRTIs; NNRTIs}}
Published	03/24/2024	NRTIs are nucleosides or nucleotides that have an absent {{c1::3' hydroxyl group}}
Published	03/24/2024	NRTIs are incorporated into {{c2::viral}} DNA, causing premature {{c1::chain termination}}
Published	03/24/2024	NRTIs inhibit phosphodiester bond formation in a(n) {{c1::3'}} to {{c1::5'}} direction
Published	03/24/2024	Most NRTIs are {{c1::nucleosides}} that must undergo {{c1::phosphorylation}} in order to be active
Published	03/24/2024	NRTI’s lack a 3’ hydroxyl group, causing strand termination when binding to {{c1::HIV reverse transcriptase}}
Published	03/24/2024	{{c1::Reverse transcriptase}} inhibitors prevent transcription of {{c2::ssRNA}} into {{c2::dsDNA}} thereby inhibiting viral replication
Published	03/24/2024	NRTIs are associated with {{c1::mitochondrial}} toxicity and {{c2::lactic acidosis}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drugs are associated with peripheral neuropathy?{{c1::NRTIs; specifically lamivudine, stavudine, and didanosine::1 class + 3 examples}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is a nucleotide and not a nucleoside?{{c1::Tenofovir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is used to reduce vertical transmission of HIV?{{c1::Zidovudine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is used during pregnancy and breastfeeding?{{c1::Zidovudine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is associated with myelosuppression?{{c1::Zidovudine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Zidovudine is associated with {{c1::myelosuppression}}, which can result in anemia and granulocytopenia
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is associated with anemia and granulocytopenia?{{c1::Zidovudine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Zidovudine and Stavudine are associated with {{c1::lipodystrophy::tissue pathology}}
Published	03/24/2024	Bone marrow suppression caused by Zidovudine can be reversed with {{c1::G-CSF}} and {{c2::erythropoietin}}
Published	03/24/2024	Zidovudine is used to decrease the vertical transmission of {{c1::HIV}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is associated with dose-dependent pancreatitis?{{c1::Didanosine}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NRTI is associated with a hypersensitivity reaction in patients with the HLA-B 57:01 allele?{{c1::Abacavir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Do NNRTIs require phosphorylation to be activated?{{c1::No}}
Published	03/24/2024	Non-nucleoside RTIs (NNRTIs) directly inhibit {{c1::HIV reverse transcriptase}} by binding to a different site from NRTIs
Published	03/24/2024	NNRTIs can cause {{c1::liver}} failure, with resulting {{c1::jaundice}} cutaneously
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drugs are hepatotoxic?{{c1::NNRTIs; Maraviroc::2}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NNRTI is associated with vivid dreams and CNS symptoms (psychosis, drowsiness, headache)?{{c1::Efavirenz}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which NNRTIs are teratogenic?{{c1::Delavirdine; Efavirenz::2}}
Published	03/24/2024	NNRTIs are associated with {{c1::Stevens-Johnson}} syndrome, a severe cutaneous pathology associated with the sloughing of skin
Published	03/24/2024	NNRTIs are associated with {{c1::rash}}, that can manifest as a more severe pathology such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome
Published	03/24/2024	What side effect presents with increased central adiposity with skinny legs?{{c1::Lipodystrophy}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drug class commonly causes lipodystrophy?{{c1::Protease inhibitors}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HIV protease inhibitor can result in nephrolithiasis?{{c1::Indinavir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Adequate hydration helps prevent {{c1::nephrolithiasis}} with Indinavir use (protease inhibitor)
Published	03/24/2024	HIV protease inhibitors {{c1::inhibit}} cytochrome P-450
Published	03/24/2024	Which HIV protease inhibitor displays the most potent inhibition of CYP450?{{c1::Ritonavir}}
Published	03/24/2024	Maraviroc inhibits {{c1::gp120}} of HIV binding to the chemokine receptor {{c1::CCR5 (macrophages)}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drug binds to gp41?{{c1::Enfuvirtide}}
Published	03/24/2024	Enfuvirtide binds {{c2::gp41}} of HIV inhibiting viral cell {{c3::fusion}} with host cells
Published	03/24/2024	What classes of drugs inhibit HIV RNA to dsDNA formation?{{c1::NRTIs and NNRTIs}}
Published	03/24/2024	What class of drugs inhibits HIV DNA integration into host cell genomes?{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}
Published	03/24/2024	What class of HAART drugs inhibit HIV mRNA formation?{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}
Published	03/24/2024	Integrase inhibitors will inhibit HIV {{c1::dsDNA}} integration into the host cell genome, preventing {{c1::mRNA}} production
Published	03/24/2024	Which HAART drugs can result in rhabdomyolysis?{{c1::Integrase inhibitors}}
Published	03/24/2024	Integrase inhibitors can result in rhabdomyolysis, which will appear with elevated {{c1::creatine kinase}} levels
Published	03/24/2024	Maraviroc prevents HIV infection by preventing host cell interaction with what glycoprotein?{{c1::gp120}}
Published	03/24/2024	Which step ([A] - [E]) of the HIV life cycle does Enfuvirtide target?{{c1::[B]}}
Published	03/24/2024	Enfuvirtide prevents HIV infection by binding what HIV glycoprotein?{{c1::gp41}}
Published	03/24/2024	HIV Protease Inhibitors inhibit the {{c1::maturation}} of new viruses
Status	Last Update	Fields